Multivariate associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and CD4 cell count levels. Continuous treatments at study entry are the referent state. <b>Model 1: CD4.</b>

<p>Association measure is the mean difference in CD4 cell counts between a treatment category and its referent category.</p><p>†VL (log₁₀ scale) is translated by log₁₀ (5,000), and is time-varying.</p><p>*Age is translated (i.e., subtracted) by 30 years.</p

Expected CD4 over time by for a 30 year-old Caucasian male, as predicted from a linear mixed effects model.

<p>Baseline CD4 counts and viral load (VL) over time are taken to reflect the baseline status of the inmates by the pattern of medication intake: CD4 cells at 330 cells/ml at baseline and a VL of 800 copies/ml for an inmate who was continuously treated; CD4 cells at 330 cells/ml at baseline and a VL of 7,500 copies/ml for an inmate who was intermittently treated; CD4 cells at 430 cells/ml at baseline and a VL of 8,000 copies/ml for an inmate who was never treated.</p

Characteristics of study participants by treatment pattern: continuous, Intermittent and never on treatment.

<p>*N  =  sample size. Baseline CD4 and baseline viral load (VL) refer to the first available CD4 and VL in an inmate; Exit CD4 and Exit VL refer to the last available CD4 and VL on the inmate. P-values are derived from Kruskal-Wallis or chi-squared tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.</p

Model 2: VL. Multivariate associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and viral load(VL). Continuous treatments at study entry are the referent state.

<p>‡Estimates have been back-transformed to reflect a multiplicative change in VL (i.e., to reflect associated multiplicative changes on the natural scale rather than additive changes on the log scale) <b>Association measure is the median multiplicative VL between the treatment category and its referent state.</b></p><p>†VL (log₁₀ scale) is translated by log₁₀ (5,000).</p

Kaplan Meier time to significant fibrosis stratified by sex.

<p>Kaplan Meier time to significant fibrosis stratified by sex.</p

Participant Selection Flow Chart.

<p>Participant Selection Flow Chart.</p

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of HIV-HCV co-infected patients at baseline by sex (2003–2012).

<p>Abbreviations: HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IDU, injection drug use;</p><p>APRI, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index;</p><p>cART, combination antiretroviral; PI, protease inhibitor; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.</p><p>^aSum of regimens >100% as some participants are on both PI, NNRTI and/or other cART.</p><p>^bFor HCVRNA VL only 166 (34/87 (39%) female and 132/221 (60%) male) had available quantitative HCV RNA values.</p><p>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of HIV-HCV co-infected patients at baseline by sex (2003–2012).</p

Discrete time proportional hazards models of factors associated with development of significant fibrosis (APRI ≥ 1.5) in follow-up.

<p>Abbreviations: IDU, injection drug use; HCV, hepatitis C virus; cART, combination antiretroviral; PI, protease inhibitor;</p><p>NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; APRI, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio;</p><p>BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p><p>Discrete time proportional hazards models of factors associated with development of significant fibrosis (APRI ≥ 1.5) in follow-up.</p

Test-retest concordance of two QFT tests performed on the same set of specimens (N = 56 paired specimens from 14 subjects)

<p>Concordance = 96.4%; κ = 0.94</p>*<p>The cut-off value for a positive QFT test was IFN-γ≥0.35 IU/mL</p><p>QFT: QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube®; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma.</p

Difference in QFT results (test–re-test) versus the average of QFT test and re-test results (all on the log scale).

<p>Separate plotting characters are used for each individual and the mean log-difference is shown as the broken horizontal line. We note that there tend to be more points above zero and hence the average difference (test–re-test) lies above 0, indicating higher IFN-γ results upon re-testing of the same specimens. QFT: QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube®; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma.</p