Combination of Fluorine and Tertiary Amine Activation in Catalyst-Free Thia-Michael Covalent Adaptable Networks

A series of catalyst-free covalent adaptable networks (CANs) have been developed using a reversible thia-Michael reaction activated by fluorine atom substitution and by an intramolecular tertiary amine. The thia-Michael exchange rate was first evaluated by a preliminary molecular study coupled to density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study enabled us to highlight the necessity of combining fluorine and tertiary amine activation to observe the thia-Michael exchange. Then, by modulating the structure, nature, and functionality of the thiol monomers, a wide range of mechanical properties and thermal properties were achieved. Relationships between the monomer structure and the dynamic properties were also highlighted through the dynamic study of these materials. Finally, the ability of the fluorinated thia-Michael CANs to be reprocessed was assessed by thermal and mechanical analyses of up to three reshaping cycles

Metabolomics-on-a-Chip and Predictive Systems Toxicology in Microfluidic Bioartificial Organs

The world faces complex challenges for chemical hazard assessment. Microfluidic bioartificial organs enable the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and biochemistry, critical for organ-specific metabolic functions and particularly relevant to testing the metabolic dose–response signatures associated with both pharmaceutical and environmental toxicity. Here we present an approach combining a microfluidic system with ¹H NMR-based metabolomic footprinting, as a high-throughput small-molecule screening approach. We characterized the toxicity of several molecules: ammonia (NH₃), an environmental pollutant leading to metabolic acidosis and liver and kidney toxicity; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a free radical-scavenging solvent; and <i>N</i>-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP, or paracetamol), a hepatotoxic analgesic drug. We report organ-specific NH₃ dose-dependent metabolic responses in several microfluidic bioartificial organs (liver, kidney, and cocultures), as well as predictive (99% accuracy for NH₃ and 94% for APAP) compound-specific signatures. Our integration of microtechnology, cell culture in microfluidic biochips, and metabolic profiling opens the development of so-called “metabolomics-on-a-chip” assays in pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology

Metabolomics-on-a-Chip and Predictive Systems Toxicology in Microfluidic Bioartificial Organs

The world faces complex challenges for chemical hazard assessment. Microfluidic bioartificial organs enable the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and biochemistry, critical for organ-specific metabolic functions and particularly relevant to testing the metabolic dose–response signatures associated with both pharmaceutical and environmental toxicity. Here we present an approach combining a microfluidic system with ¹H NMR-based metabolomic footprinting, as a high-throughput small-molecule screening approach. We characterized the toxicity of several molecules: ammonia (NH₃), an environmental pollutant leading to metabolic acidosis and liver and kidney toxicity; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a free radical-scavenging solvent; and <i>N</i>-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP, or paracetamol), a hepatotoxic analgesic drug. We report organ-specific NH₃ dose-dependent metabolic responses in several microfluidic bioartificial organs (liver, kidney, and cocultures), as well as predictive (99% accuracy for NH₃ and 94% for APAP) compound-specific signatures. Our integration of microtechnology, cell culture in microfluidic biochips, and metabolic profiling opens the development of so-called “metabolomics-on-a-chip” assays in pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology

Metabolomics-on-a-Chip and Predictive Systems Toxicology in Microfluidic Bioartificial Organs

The world faces complex challenges for chemical hazard assessment. Microfluidic bioartificial organs enable the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and biochemistry, critical for organ-specific metabolic functions and particularly relevant to testing the metabolic dose–response signatures associated with both pharmaceutical and environmental toxicity. Here we present an approach combining a microfluidic system with ¹H NMR-based metabolomic footprinting, as a high-throughput small-molecule screening approach. We characterized the toxicity of several molecules: ammonia (NH₃), an environmental pollutant leading to metabolic acidosis and liver and kidney toxicity; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a free radical-scavenging solvent; and <i>N</i>-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP, or paracetamol), a hepatotoxic analgesic drug. We report organ-specific NH₃ dose-dependent metabolic responses in several microfluidic bioartificial organs (liver, kidney, and cocultures), as well as predictive (99% accuracy for NH₃ and 94% for APAP) compound-specific signatures. Our integration of microtechnology, cell culture in microfluidic biochips, and metabolic profiling opens the development of so-called “metabolomics-on-a-chip” assays in pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology

Metabolomics-on-a-Chip and Predictive Systems Toxicology in Microfluidic Bioartificial Organs

The world faces complex challenges for chemical hazard assessment. Microfluidic bioartificial organs enable the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and biochemistry, critical for organ-specific metabolic functions and particularly relevant to testing the metabolic dose–response signatures associated with both pharmaceutical and environmental toxicity. Here we present an approach combining a microfluidic system with ¹H NMR-based metabolomic footprinting, as a high-throughput small-molecule screening approach. We characterized the toxicity of several molecules: ammonia (NH₃), an environmental pollutant leading to metabolic acidosis and liver and kidney toxicity; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a free radical-scavenging solvent; and <i>N</i>-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP, or paracetamol), a hepatotoxic analgesic drug. We report organ-specific NH₃ dose-dependent metabolic responses in several microfluidic bioartificial organs (liver, kidney, and cocultures), as well as predictive (99% accuracy for NH₃ and 94% for APAP) compound-specific signatures. Our integration of microtechnology, cell culture in microfluidic biochips, and metabolic profiling opens the development of so-called “metabolomics-on-a-chip” assays in pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology

Metabolomics-on-a-Chip and Predictive Systems Toxicology in Microfluidic Bioartificial Organs

The world faces complex challenges for chemical hazard assessment. Microfluidic bioartificial organs enable the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and biochemistry, critical for organ-specific metabolic functions and particularly relevant to testing the metabolic dose–response signatures associated with both pharmaceutical and environmental toxicity. Here we present an approach combining a microfluidic system with ¹H NMR-based metabolomic footprinting, as a high-throughput small-molecule screening approach. We characterized the toxicity of several molecules: ammonia (NH₃), an environmental pollutant leading to metabolic acidosis and liver and kidney toxicity; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a free radical-scavenging solvent; and <i>N</i>-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP, or paracetamol), a hepatotoxic analgesic drug. We report organ-specific NH₃ dose-dependent metabolic responses in several microfluidic bioartificial organs (liver, kidney, and cocultures), as well as predictive (99% accuracy for NH₃ and 94% for APAP) compound-specific signatures. Our integration of microtechnology, cell culture in microfluidic biochips, and metabolic profiling opens the development of so-called “metabolomics-on-a-chip” assays in pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology

Metabolomics-on-a-Chip and Predictive Systems Toxicology in Microfluidic Bioartificial Organs

The world faces complex challenges for chemical hazard assessment. Microfluidic bioartificial organs enable the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and biochemistry, critical for organ-specific metabolic functions and particularly relevant to testing the metabolic dose–response signatures associated with both pharmaceutical and environmental toxicity. Here we present an approach combining a microfluidic system with ¹H NMR-based metabolomic footprinting, as a high-throughput small-molecule screening approach. We characterized the toxicity of several molecules: ammonia (NH₃), an environmental pollutant leading to metabolic acidosis and liver and kidney toxicity; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a free radical-scavenging solvent; and <i>N</i>-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP, or paracetamol), a hepatotoxic analgesic drug. We report organ-specific NH₃ dose-dependent metabolic responses in several microfluidic bioartificial organs (liver, kidney, and cocultures), as well as predictive (99% accuracy for NH₃ and 94% for APAP) compound-specific signatures. Our integration of microtechnology, cell culture in microfluidic biochips, and metabolic profiling opens the development of so-called “metabolomics-on-a-chip” assays in pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology

Metabolomics-on-a-Chip and Predictive Systems Toxicology in Microfluidic Bioartificial Organs

The world faces complex challenges for chemical hazard assessment. Microfluidic bioartificial organs enable the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and biochemistry, critical for organ-specific metabolic functions and particularly relevant to testing the metabolic dose–response signatures associated with both pharmaceutical and environmental toxicity. Here we present an approach combining a microfluidic system with ¹H NMR-based metabolomic footprinting, as a high-throughput small-molecule screening approach. We characterized the toxicity of several molecules: ammonia (NH₃), an environmental pollutant leading to metabolic acidosis and liver and kidney toxicity; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a free radical-scavenging solvent; and <i>N</i>-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP, or paracetamol), a hepatotoxic analgesic drug. We report organ-specific NH₃ dose-dependent metabolic responses in several microfluidic bioartificial organs (liver, kidney, and cocultures), as well as predictive (99% accuracy for NH₃ and 94% for APAP) compound-specific signatures. Our integration of microtechnology, cell culture in microfluidic biochips, and metabolic profiling opens the development of so-called “metabolomics-on-a-chip” assays in pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology

Metabolomics-on-a-Chip and Predictive Systems Toxicology in Microfluidic Bioartificial Organs

The world faces complex challenges for chemical hazard assessment. Microfluidic bioartificial organs enable the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and biochemistry, critical for organ-specific metabolic functions and particularly relevant to testing the metabolic dose–response signatures associated with both pharmaceutical and environmental toxicity. Here we present an approach combining a microfluidic system with ¹H NMR-based metabolomic footprinting, as a high-throughput small-molecule screening approach. We characterized the toxicity of several molecules: ammonia (NH₃), an environmental pollutant leading to metabolic acidosis and liver and kidney toxicity; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a free radical-scavenging solvent; and <i>N</i>-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP, or paracetamol), a hepatotoxic analgesic drug. We report organ-specific NH₃ dose-dependent metabolic responses in several microfluidic bioartificial organs (liver, kidney, and cocultures), as well as predictive (99% accuracy for NH₃ and 94% for APAP) compound-specific signatures. Our integration of microtechnology, cell culture in microfluidic biochips, and metabolic profiling opens the development of so-called “metabolomics-on-a-chip” assays in pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology

Metabolomics-on-a-Chip and Predictive Systems Toxicology in Microfluidic Bioartificial Organs

The world faces complex challenges for chemical hazard assessment. Microfluidic bioartificial organs enable the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and biochemistry, critical for organ-specific metabolic functions and particularly relevant to testing the metabolic dose–response signatures associated with both pharmaceutical and environmental toxicity. Here we present an approach combining a microfluidic system with ¹H NMR-based metabolomic footprinting, as a high-throughput small-molecule screening approach. We characterized the toxicity of several molecules: ammonia (NH₃), an environmental pollutant leading to metabolic acidosis and liver and kidney toxicity; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a free radical-scavenging solvent; and <i>N</i>-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP, or paracetamol), a hepatotoxic analgesic drug. We report organ-specific NH₃ dose-dependent metabolic responses in several microfluidic bioartificial organs (liver, kidney, and cocultures), as well as predictive (99% accuracy for NH₃ and 94% for APAP) compound-specific signatures. Our integration of microtechnology, cell culture in microfluidic biochips, and metabolic profiling opens the development of so-called “metabolomics-on-a-chip” assays in pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology