MERS-CoV induces IL-17 secretion.

<p><b>A</b>, qRTPCR analysis of IL-17A from first week broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells of MERS-CoV infected patients, Patient 1 and Patient 2 (black columns), Control (white column), <i>S. Pneumoniae</i>-induced pneumonia (dark grey column) and Patient 2 Herpes simplex virus-induced pneumonia (light grey column) (n = 2 to 4, duplicates). <b>B</b>, Assessment of IL-17A and IL-23 protein in BAL supernatants of first week following onset of clinical symptoms of patient 1 and patient 2. Control group, HSV and bacterial were same samples as previously described. (n = 2 to 4, duplicates) <b>C</b>, Assessment of IL-17A and IL-23 protein in sera of the 30 days following MERS-CoV infection in patient 1 (black line) and patient 2 (grey line). (n = 2 to 4, duplicates). Measurement obtained between D0–3: day 0 and day 3, D4–7: day 4 and 7, D8–14: day 8 and 14, D15–21: day 15 and 21, D22–30: day 22 and 30.</p

Schematic representation of key responses to MERS-CoV related to outcome.

<p>Left panel: Coronavirus are recognized by the immune system through the activation of cytosolic and membranous pattern recognition receptors (MDA-5 and RIG-1). This activation triggers IRF 3 which leads to the production of IFNα. IFN activates anti viral effectors like T CD8+ cells allowing viral clearance. Right panel: In the absence of recognition, the decrease in IRF 3 is associated to a decreased production of IL 12 and IFNγ. IL 10 production further represses IFNγ secretion leading to a decreased CD8 T lymphocytes proliferation and an increased viral replication.</p

Innate immune response against MERS-CoV requires IFNα expression.

<p><b>A,B,C,D,E,F</b> qRTPCR analysis of RIG-1, MDA-5 IRF3, IRF7, IFNα and IFNβ from first week broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells of MERS-CoV infected patients, patient 1 and patient 2 (black columns), Control (white column), <i>S. pneumoniae</i>-induced pneumonia (dark grey column) and patient 2 Herpes simplex virus-induced pneumonia (light grey column) (n = 2 to 4, duplicates). <b>G</b> Assessment of IFNα protein in BAL supernatants from the first week following onset of clinical symptoms in samples from patient 1 and patient 2. Control group, HSV and bacterial samples from BALs of patients without infection, with lung HSV replication and with upper respiratory tract infection respectively. (n = 2 to 4, duplicates), and assessment of IFNα protein in sera of the 30 days following MERS-CoV infection in patient 1 (black line) and patient 2 (grey line). (n = 2 to 4, duplicates). Measurement obtained between D0–3: day 0 and day 3, D4–7: day 4 and 7, D8–14: day 8 and 14, D15–21: day 15 and 21, D22–30: day 22 and 30.</p

Persistent increased levels of CXCL10 and IL-10 are found in the patient with poor outcome during MERS-CoV infection.

<p>Assessment of CXCL10 and IL-10 protein in sera of the 30 days following MERS-CoV infection in patient 1 (black line) and patient 2 (grey line). (n = 2 to 4, duplicates). Measurement obtained between D0–3: day 0 and day 3, D4–7: day 4 and 7, D8–14: day 8 and 14, D15–21: day 15 and 21, D22–30: day 22 and 30.</p

Additional file 1: of Tryptophan catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and potential for inter-kingdom relationship

Metabolites produced by the Pa kynurenine pathway of a clinical strain. 1. Tryptophan (A), kynurenine (B), kynurenic acid (C), anthranilate (D), and 3-0H-kynurenine (E) concentrations in growth medium supernatants of a clinical strain as determined by UPLC-MS-MS. All data from one experiment in duplicate (PPTX 164 kb

Antiadhesive Properties of Glycoclusters against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Lung Infection

<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> lung infections are a major cause of death in cystic fibrosis and hospitalized patients. Treating these infections is becoming difficult due to the emergence of conventional antimicrobial multiresistance. While monosaccharides have proved beneficial against such bacterial lung infection, the design of several multivalent glycosylated macromolecules has been shown to be also beneficial on biofilm dispersion. In this study, calix[4]­arene-based glycoclusters functionalized with galactosides or fucosides have been synthesized. The characterization of their inhibitory properties on <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> aggregation, biofilm formation, adhesion on epithelial cells, and destruction of alveolar tissues were performed. The antiadhesive properties of the designed glycoclusters were demonstrated through several in vitro bioassays. An in vivo mouse model of lung infection provided an almost complete protection against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> with the designed glycoclusters

Additional file 1: of The ICU-Diary study: prospective, multicenter comparative study of the impact of an ICU diary on the wellbeing of patients and families in French ICUs

SPIRIT 2013 Checklist: recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents*. (DOC 121 kb

Additional file 2: of The ICU-Diary study: prospective, multicenter comparative study of the impact of an ICU diary on the wellbeing of patients and families in French ICUs

World Health Organization Trial Registration Data Set*. (XLSX 10 kb

Additional file 3: of The ICU-Diary study: prospective, multicenter comparative study of the impact of an ICU diary on the wellbeing of patients and families in French ICUs

Participants’ centers. (DOCX 13 kb