91 research outputs found
Precautionary saving in the presence of other risks: further comment
precautionary saving; background risk
Stock Prices, Exchange Rates and Monetary Policy
This paper attempts to model the relationship between monetary policy and financial asset prices. We develop an aggregative model under forward-looking rational expectations to analyse the optimal monetary policy response to stock prices and exchange rates shocks. We first demonstrate that a model ignoring the impact of equity prices and exchange rates on aggregate demand leads to an overestimation of the optimal policy response to standard shocks. Second, we clearly point out that a correct assessment of the relation between optimal monetary policy and either equity prices or exchange rates necessitates a model including both kinds of financial prices simultaneously. Third, we show how these interactions between financial asset prices and monetary policy are affected by a particular form of coordination between monetary policy and fiscal policy, arising from a public debt solvency constraint.Monetary policy; financial asset prices; monetary conditions indicator
Labor Market Policies and Equilibrium Employment : Theory and Application for Belgium
This paper is concerned with the general equilibrium effects of active labor market programs and the unemployment insurance system (the replacement ratio and the level of sanctions). It develops an equilibrium job matching model where active programs and the rate of sanctions have an amiguous impact on the equilibrium employment rate. The model is simulated for Belgium. The simulations suggest that passive and active labor market policies do not have a substantial net impact on the employment rate.labor market policies; sanctions; equilibrium search model; matching function
The net effect of unemployment benefits, sanctions and training on regular employment
This paper measures the impact of labor market policies (LMPs) on regular employment. Contrary to previous empirical studies, we conduct an econometric analysis based on sound theoretical foundations. The specification is based on an equilibrium job search model where LMPs affect tightness on the labor market. The impacts of a comprehensive set of LMPs on the regular employment rate and on wages are jointly estimated. Taking care of the endogeneity of LMPs, our results for Belgium indicate that unemployment benefits have a positively and small impact on wages and a negative one on the employment rate. The rate of sanctions has a small negative effect on wages. Their impact on the employment rate is however negative. This can be understood if the efficiency of the sanctioned in the matching process is sufficiently lower than the one of the insured unemployed. Training programmes have a small negative effect on wages and a small positive one on employment. Our analysis also shows that the results can be sensitive to the choice made about the exogeneity of LMPs.evaluation; labor market policies; wage bargaining; equilibrium unemployment; equilibrium search
Les prĂȘts gigantesques de la Bundesbank aux banques centrales des pays en dĂ©tresse de la zone euro
La situation des banques est encore périlleuse
Si la conjoncture mondiale continue Ă se dĂ©grader, et dâaprĂšs nos nouvelles estimations, les pertes totales des banques depuis le dĂ©but de la crise pourraient sâĂ©lever Ă 4508 milliards de dollars sur des actifs originaires des Etats-Unis, et 898 milliards de dollars sur des actifs originaires dâautres parties du monde. Les parts de ces pertes supportĂ©es par les banques amĂ©ricaines et europĂ©ennes sâĂ©lĂšveraient Ă 2597 et 1322 milliards de dollars respectivement. LâamĂ©lioration des rĂ©sultats des banques amĂ©ricaines au premier trimestre 2009 reflĂšte une augmentation normale de leurs bĂ©nĂ©fices opĂ©rationnels dans un contexte de financement Ă bon marchĂ© apportĂ© par la Federal Reserve et les pouvoirs publics, une marge dâintermĂ©diation exceptionnellement Ă©levĂ©e, une concurrence amoindrie par la restructuration du secteur, et des commissions importantes permises par la reprise du marchĂ© des Ă©missions obligataires dâentreprises. Ces rĂ©sultats bĂ©nĂ©ficient Ă©galement de lâassouplissement des normes sur les dĂ©prĂ©ciations dâactifs et du recours Ă des artifices comptables. Toutefois, les vrais dangers auxquels les banques restent confrontĂ©es subsistent et sont liĂ©s aux dĂ©prĂ©ciations de titres et prĂȘts quâil faut encore comptabiliser. Beaucoup dâactifs issus de la titrisation de prĂȘts toxiques restent inscrits Ă des niveaux surĂ©valuĂ©s et les provisions constituĂ©es pour pertes potentielles sur les prĂȘts sont trop basses. Les banques europĂ©ennes sont quant Ă elles dans une situation particuliĂšrement difficile du fait de leur exposition conjointe aux actifs toxiques amĂ©ricains et aux prĂȘts Ă lâEurope de lâEst, ainsi que par des facteurs structurels trĂšs dĂ©savantageux. Leur taille est souvent disproportionnĂ©e par rapport Ă celle du PIB de leur pays, ce qui les rend globalement difficiles Ă secourir par les Etats dans un contexte institutionnel complexe qui rend une solution europĂ©enne globale incertaine. Leur « leverage ratio » est beaucoup plus Ă©levĂ© que celui des banques amĂ©ricaines. Les banques europĂ©ennes ont proportionnellement procĂ©dĂ© Ă moins de dĂ©prĂ©ciations dâactifs dans leur comptes que celles dĂ©jĂ actĂ©es par les banques amĂ©ricaines, ce qui leur laisse encore une grande partie des pertes potentielles Ă dĂ©clarer.
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