Hepatic expression of gluco-regulatory enzymes after acutely normalizing blood glucose in glucose transporter 4 over-expressing mice (G4Tg) and wild-type (WT) littermates.

<p>Hepatic expression of glucokinase (GK; A), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase; B), and cytosolic phospho<i>enol</i>pyruvate kinase (PEPCK; C) are shown before and after normalizing blood glucose in 5h-fasted mice that over-express glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) in skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose tissue (G4Tg) and wild-type (WT) littermates during a 90 min phloridzin (80 μg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)-glucose (115 mg·dL⁻¹) clamp. Separate cohorts of mice were used to obtain basal and clamp data. Data are presented as means ± SEM and normalized to cyclophilin expression and basal levels in WT mice. * and ϕ indicate p<0.05 compared to WT littermates or to basal values within a genotype, respectively. n = 7–8 mice in each group.</p

Hormonal and glucose flux responses to acutely normalizing blood glucose in glucose transporter 4 over-expressing mice (G4Tg) and wild-type (WT) littermates.

<p>A 90 min phloridzin (80 μg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)-glucose (115 mg·dL⁻¹) clamp was performed in conscious, chronically-catheterized, 5 h-fasted mice that over-express glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) in skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose tissue and wild-type (WT) littermates to normalize basal differences in arterial blood glucose (A) using an exogenous glucose infusion rate (B). Basal and clamp endogenous appearance (endoR_a; C) and disappearance (R_d; D) of glucose were measured using a primed, constant infusion of [3-³H] glucose (50 μCi bolus +0.05 μCi·min⁻¹). Basal and clamp arterial insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and glucagon are shown in panels E-G, respectively. Data are presented as means ± SEM and * and ϕ indicate p<0.05 compared to WT littermates or to basal values within a genotype, respectively. n = 7–8 mice in each group.</p

Basal characteristics of wild-type (WT) and littermate mice with over-expression of glucose transporter 4 (G4Tg).

<p>Measurements were taken in 5h fasted mice prior to phloridzin-glucose clamps and represent combined data from control and experimental animals. * indicates p<0.05 compared to WT littermates.</p

Hepatic glycogen and related enzyme activities in response to acutely normalizing blood glucose in glucose transporter 4 over-expressing mice (G4Tg) and wild-type (WT) littermates.

<p>Hepatic glycogen content (A), hepatic glycogen breakdown (B), and activities or activity ratios of glucokinase (GK; C), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase; D), glycogen phosphorylase (GP; E), and glycogen synthase (GS; F)] are shown before and after normalizing blood glucose in 5 h-fasted mice that over-express glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) in skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose tissue and wild-type (WT) littermates using a 90 min phloridzin (80 μg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)-glucose (115 mg·dL⁻¹) clamp. Separate cohorts of mice were used to obtain basal and clamp data. Dashed lines in panel B denote changes in endogenous appearance of glucose (endoR_a; shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052355#pone-0052355-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1C</a>). Data are presented as means ± SEM and * and ϕ indicate p<0.05 compared to WT littermates or to basal values within a genotype, respectively. n = 7–8 mice in each group.</p