4 research outputs found
Identification of the Plasticity-Relevant Fucose-Ī±(1ā2)-Galactose Proteome from the Mouse Olfactory Bulb
Fucose-Ī±(1ā2)-galactose [FucĪ±(1ā2)Gal] sugars have been implicated in the molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal development, learning, and memory. However, an understanding of their precise roles has been hampered by a lack of information regarding FucĪ±(1ā2)Gal glycoproteins. Here, we report the first proteomic studies of this plasticity-relevant epitope. We identify five classes of putative FucĪ±(1ā2)Gal glycoproteins: cell adhesion molecules, ion channels and solute carriers/transporters, ATP-binding proteins, synaptic vesicle-associated proteins, and mitochondrial proteins. In addition, we show that FucĪ±(1ā2)Gal glycoproteins are enriched in the developing mouse olfactory bulb (OB) and exhibit a distinct spatiotemporal expression that is consistent with the presence of a āglycocodeā to help direct olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axonal pathfinding. We find that expression of FucĪ±(1ā2)Gal sugars in the OB is regulated by the Ī±(1ā2)fucosyltransferase FUT1. FUT1-deficient mice exhibit developmental defects, including fewer and smaller glomeruli and a thinner olfactory nerve layer, suggesting that fucosylation contributes to OB development. Our findings significantly expand the number of FucĪ±(1ā2)Gal glycoproteins and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which fucosyl sugars contribute to neuronal processes
<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>in Vivo</i> Characterization of a Tunable Dual-Reactivity Probe of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway
The cell utilizes the Keap1/Nrf2-ARE
signaling pathway to detoxify
harmful chemicals in order to protect itself from oxidative stress
and to maintain its reducing environment. When exposed to oxidative
stress and xenobiotic inducers, the redox sensitive Keap1 is covalently
modified at specific cysteine residues. Consequently, the latent transcription
factor Nrf2 is stabilized and translocates into the nucleus, where
it transactivates the expression of detoxification genes through binding
to the antioxidant response element (ARE). In the pursuit of potent
and bioavailable activators of the ARE, we validated hits from a pathway-directed
high-throughput screening campaign by testing them in cell culture
and a reporter strain of a whole animal model, <i>Caenorhabditis
elegans</i>. These studies allowed us to identify AI-3 as an
ARE activator that induces cytoprotective genes in human cells and
in worms, which also translated into <i>in vivo</i> activity
in mice. AI-3 is an electrophilic ARE activator with two thiol sensitive
sites toward a nucleophilic aromatic substitution, and SAR studies
indicated the tunability of the system. Tandem LCāMS analysis
revealed that AI-3 alkylates Keap1 primarily at Cys151, while AI-3
is reactive toward additional cysteine residues at higher doses <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. The immediate effects
of such alkylation included the disruption of Keap1-Cul3 (low [AI-3])
and/or Keap1-Nrf2 (high [AI-3]) interactions that both led to the
stabilization of Nrf2. This further translated into the downstream
Nrf2-ARE regulated cytoprotective gene activation. Collectively, AI-3
may become a valuable biological tool and may even provide therapeutic
benefits in oxidative stress related diseases
Optimization of an Enzymatic AntibodyāDrug Conjugation Approach Based on Coenzyme A Analogs
Phosphopantetheine transferases (PPTases)
can be used to efficiently
prepare site-specific antibodyādrug conjugates (ADCs) by enzymatically
coupling coenzyme A (CoA)-linker payloads to 11ā12 amino acid
peptide substrates inserted into antibodies. Here, a two-step strategy
is established wherein in a first step, CoA analogs with various bioorthogonal
reactivities are enzymatically installed on the antibody for chemical
conjugation with a cytotoxic payload in a second step. Because of
the high structural similarity of these CoA analogs to the natural
PPTase substrate CoA-SH, the first step proceeds very efficiently
and enables the use of peptide tags as short as 6 amino acids compared
to the 11ā12 amino acids required for efficient one-step coupling
of the payload molecule. Furthermore, two-step conjugation provides
access to diverse linker chemistries and spacers of varying lengths.
The potency of the ADCs was largely independent of linker architecture.
In mice, proteolytic cleavage was observed for some C-terminally linked
auristatin payloads. The in vivo stability of these ADCs was significantly
improved by reduction of the linker length. In addition, linker stability
was found to be modulated by attachment site, and this, together with
linker length, provides an opportunity for maximizing ADC stability
without sacrificing potency
Small Molecule Mediated Proliferation of Primary Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)
cells form a monolayer adjacent
to the retina and play a critical role in the visual light cycle.
Degeneration of RPE cells results in retinal disorders such as age-related
macular degeneration. Cell transplant strategies have potential therapeutic
value for such disorders; however, risks associated with an inadequate
supply of donor cells limit their therapeutic success. The identification
of factors that proliferate RPE cells <i>ex vivo</i> could
provide a renewable source of cells for transplantation. Here, we
report that a small molecule (WS3) can reversibly proliferate primary
RPE cells isolated from fetal and adult human donors. Following withdrawal
of WS3, RPE cells differentiate into a functional monolayer, as exhibited
by their expression of mature RPE genes and phagocytosis of photoreceptor
outer segments. Furthermore, chemically expanded RPE cells preserve
vision when transplanted into dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons
(RCS) rats, a well-established model of retinal degeneration