A Preliminary Test of Measurement of Joint Angles and Stride Length with Wireless Inertial Sensors for Wearable Gait Evaluation System

The purpose of this study is to develop wearable sensor system for gait evaluation using gyroscopes and accelerometers for application to rehabilitation, healthcare and so on. In this paper, simultaneous measurement of joint angles of lower limbs and stride length was tested with a prototype of wearable sensor system. The system measured the joint angles using the Kalman filter. Signals from the sensor attached on the foot were used in the stride length estimation detecting foot movement automatically. Joint angles of the lower limbs were measured with stable and reasonable accuracy compared to those values measured with optical motion measurement system with healthy subjects. It was expected that the stride length measurement with the wearable sensor system would be practical by realizing more stable measurement accuracy. Sensor attachment position was suggested not to affect significantly measurement of slow and normal speed movements in a test with the rigid body model. Joint angle patterns measured in 10 m walking with a healthy subject were similar to common patterns. High correlation between joint angles at some characteristic points and stride velocity were also found adequately. These results suggested that the wireless wearable inertial sensor system could detect characteristics of gait

Absorption of Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) In Vitro Across Bovine Jejunal and Ileal Epithelia Around the Time of Weaning

Using the everted sac methodology as well as an Ussing chamber, we investigated changes in the absorption of horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7, HRP (40 kDa)) in jejunum and ileum segments isolated from male Holstein cattle around the time of weaning (6 to 15 wks old). By the everted sac method, HRP transport (HRP concentration on the serosal side sampled after a 60-min-incubation) at 15 wks of age was significantly greater than that at 6 wks of age, in both segments of the intestine. Absorption was not significantly different between the jejunum and ileum. Addition of Na^+/K^+ ATPase inhibitor (ouabain, 1 mM) did not cause any significant change in HRP absorption, whereas Na^+/H^+ anti-transporter inhibitor (amiloride, 1μM) significantly increased the absorption in both sacs at 8 wks of age. By the Ussing chamber method, there were no significant differences between the values for Jsm and Jms, while the Jnet value was nearly zero for both epithelia. In addition, the flux (Jms) of Lucifer yellow, a cell-membrane-impermeable fluorescence dye, was significantly greater at 6 than at 13 wks of age in the ileal epithelia, although the flux was significantly greater in the jejunal than the ileal epithelia at both ages. From these findings, we conclude that: 1) bovine jejunal and ileal epithelia are able to absorb a large molecule such as the HRP protein; 2) HRP transport occurs in a concentration-dependent manner and may in part be via a paracellular pathway; 3) the increased HRP transport shown at 15 wks of age may not be caused by an increased use of the paracellular pathway.horseradish peroxidaseabsorptiontransportcal

Correlation between Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation with Postural Change and Postoperative Intraocular Pressure in Relation to the Time Course after Trabeculectomy

Background. To investigate the correlation between intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation with postural change and IOP in relation to the time course after trabeculectomy. Methods. A total of 29 patients who had previously undergone primary trabeculectomy with mitomycin C were examined. IOP was obtained at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months and then every 6 months postoperatively. Results. The postural IOP difference before surgery was 3.0±1.8 mmHg, which was reduced to 0.9±1.1 mmHg at 1 month, 1.0±1.0 mmHg at 2 months, 1.3±2.0 mmHg at 3 months, 1.3±1.4 mmHg at 6 months, 1.4±1.5 mmHg at 12 months, and 1.1±0.7 mmHg at 18 months after trabeculectomy (P<0.01 each visit). The filtering surgery failed in 7 out of 29 eyes. Postural IOP changes were less than 3 mmHg in those patients who did not require needle revision at every visit. However, in patients who did require needle revision, the increase in the posture-induced IOP was greater than 3 mmHg prior to the increase in the sitting position IOP. Conclusions. Assessment of postural IOP changes after trabeculectomy might be potentially useful for predicting IOP changes after trabeculectomy

Changes in corneal endothelial cells after trabeculectomy and EX-PRESS shunt: 2-year follow-up

Abstract Background To compare trabeculectomy and EX-PRESS device implantation procedures for treating glaucoma and evaluate changes in corneal endothelial cell density (CECD). Methods This study prospectively evaluated changes in the CECD in 60 eyes of 60 patients who underwent trabeculectomy and 50 eyes of 45 patients who underwent EX-PRESS device implantation. Baseline patient data recorded included age at surgery, sex, type of glaucoma medications, and lens status. Using a noncontact specular microscope, corneal specular microscopy was performed preoperatively at the central cornea and then at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after surgery. CECD before and after surgery was compared using a paired t-test. Results There was a significant decrease in the IOP and number of antiglaucoma medications in both groups after the surgery. The mean CECD in the trabeculectomy group was 2505 ± 280 cells/mm2 at baseline, while it was 2398 ± 274 cells/mm2 (P < 0.001), 2349 ± 323 cells/mm2 (P < 0.001), 2293 ± 325 cells/mm2 (P < 0.001), and 2277 ± 385 cells/mm2 (P = 0.003) at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively. However, the CECD in the EX-PRESS group was 2377 ± 389 cells/mm2 at baseline, while it was 2267 ± 409 cells/mm2 (P = 0.007), 2292 ± 452 cells/mm2 (P = 0.043), 2379 ± 375 cells/mm2 (P = 0.318), and 2317 ± 449 cells/mm2 (P = 0.274) at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively. Conclusions As compared to trabeculectomy, EX-PRESS device implantation appears to be a safer procedure with regard to the endothelial cell loss risk

月齢18から36か月の幼児における粗大運動能力と感覚処理の関係

東京都立大

Correlation between Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation with Postural Change and Postoperative Intraocular Pressure in Relation to the Time Course after Trabeculectomy

Background. To investigate the correlation between intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation with postural change and IOP in relation to the time course after trabeculectomy. Methods. A total of 29 patients who had previously undergone primary trabeculectomy with mitomycin C were examined. IOP was obtained at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months and then every 6 months postoperatively. Results. The postural IOP difference before surgery was 3.0 ± 1.8 mmHg, which was reduced to 0.9 ± 1.1 mmHg at 1 month, 1.0 ± 1.0 mmHg at 2 months, 1.3 ± 2.0 mmHg at 3 months, 1.3 ± 1.4 mmHg at 6 months, 1.4 ± 1.5 mmHg at 12 months, and 1.1 ± 0.7 mmHg at 18 months after trabeculectomy ( &lt; 0.01 each visit). The filtering surgery failed in 7 out of 29 eyes. Postural IOP changes were less than 3 mmHg in those patients who did not require needle revision at every visit. However, in patients who did require needle revision, the increase in the posture-induced IOP was greater than 3 mmHg prior to the increase in the sitting position IOP. Conclusions. Assessment of postural IOP changes after trabeculectomy might be potentially useful for predicting IOP changes after trabeculectomy

Vision-related quality of life following glaucoma filtration surgery

Abstract Background To evaluate vision-related quality of life (VR-QOL) following glaucoma filtration surgery. Methods A total of 103 glaucoma patients scheduled to undergo glaucoma filtration surgery. Prior to and at three months after glaucoma filtration surgery, trabeculectomy or EX-PRESS, all patients completed the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25). A total of 48 patients underwent combined cataract and filtration surgery. The clinical data collected pre- and postoperatively included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and intraocular pressure (IOP). Results The IOP decreased significantly from 19.0 ± 8.1 mmHg to 9.7 ± 3.9 mmHg (P < 0.001). Preoperative VFQ-25 composite score (65.8 ± 15.6) was similar to the postoperative score (67.8 ± 16.6). A significantly improved VFQ-25 composite score (pre: 63.2 ± 17.1, post: 67.7 ± 17.8; P = 0.001) was observed in the patients who underwent combined cataract and filtration surgery. There was a significant association between the BCVA changes in the operated eye and the changes in the VFQ-25 composite score (r = −0.315, P = 0.003). Conclusions Although glaucoma filtration surgery by itself did not decrease the VR-QOL in glaucoma patients, there was significant improvement in the VR-QOL after the patients underwent combined cataract and glaucoma filtration surgery

Influence of Disc Size on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Cirrus Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma

Purpose. To examine the influence of optic disc size on the diagnostic accuracy of optic nerve head (ONH) parameters determined by Cirrus spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Cirrus HD-OCT). Methods. A total of 51 eyes of 51 normal participants and 71 eyes of 71 glaucoma patients were examined. ONH imaging was obtained by Cirrus HD-OCT. Sensitivity at a fixed 90% specificity along with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for continuous parameters were analyzed. We also examined the coefficients of variation (CoV) for sensitivity estimates, as these have been used to test and quantify the influence of optic disc size on diagnostic accuracy. The influence of optic disc size on the glaucoma diagnosis was assessed by the likelihood ratio chi-square test. Results. Among the continuous parameters, the best diagnostic accuracy was seen for the average rim area, which had an AUC of 0.96. The most reliable factor across the disc size groups was the rim area (CoV, 2.8%). The diagnostic accuracy of the rim area did not appear to be influenced by optic disc size (P=0.17). Conclusions. The high diagnostic accuracy of the rim area demonstrated by Cirrus HD-OCT for the quantitative assessment of the ONH was not significantly affected by disc size in this study