Clinical and laboratory characteristics according to retinopathy status.

<p>Values represent mean (SE)</p><p>^a For p value comparison according to retinopathy status (four groups, non-parametric test, Wilcoxon's test, adjusted for multiple comparisons according to Holm)</p><p>^b Alone or in combination</p><p>Clinical and laboratory characteristics according to retinopathy status.</p

Multiple logistic regression analysis, any retinopathy.

<p>Multiple logistic regression analysis, any retinopathy.</p

Kaplan-Meier analysis relating time to retinopathy (any versus severe versus DME) to duration of diabetes (individual survival curves are labeled).

<p>Kaplan-Meier analysis relating time to retinopathy (any versus severe versus DME) to duration of diabetes (individual survival curves are labeled).</p

Multiple regression analysis, macula edema.

<p>Multiple regression analysis, macula edema.</p

Multiple regression analysis, severe retinopathy.

<p>Multiple regression analysis, severe retinopathy.</p

Kaplan Meier curves for retinopathy-free survival according to intrapersonal HbA_1c-MEDIAN and HbA_1c-CV above/below 50^th group percentile.

<p>Green line: HbA_1c-MEDIAN below, HbA_1c-CV below 50^th group percentile. Blue line: HbA_1c-MEDIAN below, HbA_1c-CV above 50^th group percentile. Red line: HbA_1c-MEDIAN above, HbA_1c-CV below 50^th group percentile. Orange line: HbA_1c-MEDIAN above, HbA_1c-CV above 50^th group percentile. Patients were assigned to strata based on group-specific 50^th percentiles according to duration of diabetes, age and gender. Log-rank test was used for comparisons among strata.</p

Relative risk (HR) estimated from multiple Cox regression for the association between HbA_1c and development of diabetic retinopathy, adjusted for demographic variables.

<p>Results are presented as hazard ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Time scale: duration of diabetes in years.</p><p>Example: HR for HbA_1c-MEDIAN for ten years of duration of diabetes: HR = 1.106*0.993¹⁰ = 1.031.</p