Geriatrik hastalarda Reküren Aftöz Stomatit ile beslenme alışanlıklarının ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Bu çalışmada geriatrik hasta grubunda reküren aftöz stomatit(RAS) sıklığı ve oral aftların aile öyküsü, boy, kilo, antibiyotik kullanımı, diş fırçalama ve beslenme alışkanlıkları ile ilişkisi araştırıldı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Altmış beş yaş üstü hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Değerlendirme öncesi olgulara oral aftöz ülser tanımı yapıldı ve fotoğraflardan oluşan bir görsel bilgilendime formu sunuldu. Hastaların yaşı,cinsiyeti,boyu ve kilosu not edildi. Ardından RAS öyküsü sorgulandı ve oral aft öyküsü olanların ülser sıklığı, ülser tipi, ülser yerleşimi, ülserin neden olduğu subjektif semptom, aile öyküsü, antibiyotik kullanım sıklığı, diş fırçalama alışkanlığı ve beslenme alışkanlıkları bir anket ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Seksen hasta çalışmayı tamamladı. Olguların %31, 5' i reküren oral ülser tarifledi. Olguların %44'ü tarafından tanımlanan ağrı en sık görülen subjektif semptom idi. Olguların % 15'inde aile öyküsü mevcuttu. Antibiyotik kullanım sıklığı ile RAS öyküsü arasında korelasyon saptanmadı. Aynı zamanda, diş fırçalama alışkanlığı ile RAS arasında da korelasyon saptanmadı. RAS' lı grup çay ve asitli içecekleri daha sık tüketirken,süt ve süt ürünlerini, cevizi, ekmek ve diğer tahılları daha nadir tüketmekteydi. Tartışma: Beslenme alışkanlıkları reküren aftöz ülser oluşumunda rol oynayabilir. Bu nedenle riskli besinlerin alımının kesilmesi ve koruyucu besinlerin eklenmesi tedavi periyodunun ilk adımı olabilir.Aim: In this study we investigated the frequency and relationship of recurrent aphthous stomatitis(RAS) with family history, personal variables such as weight, heigt, antibiotic usage, teeth brush and nutritional habits in geriatric patients. Material and Method: The patients over 65 years old were included in the study. Before examination, the definition of recurrent oral aphthous ulcers and a visual informatory form including photographs were presented to the subjects. The age, sex, height, weight of the subjects were noted on a chart. Then the history of recurrent oral aphthous ulcerations were asked and if present the frequency of the ulcers, the type of the ulcers, the localization of the ulcers, the subjective symptome of the ulcers, familial history for the ulcers, frequency of antibiotic usage, teeth brush habits and nutritional habits were examined by a questionnaire. Results: Eighty subjects completed the study. 31.25% of subjects declared recurrent oral ulcer history. Pain was the leading subjective symptome declared by 44% of the subjects. 15% of the subjects had a family history for recurrent oral ulcers. There was no correlation between frequency of antibiotic usage and history of RAS. Also, there was no correlation between teeth brush habits and history of RAS. The RAS group consumed tea and fizzdrinks more frequently whereas they consumed milk and milk products, walnut, bread and other grains more rarely. Discussion: Nutritional habits may have a role on ocurrence of reccurrent oral aphthous ulcerations. So we are of the opinion that the elimination of the risky nourishments and the addition of the protective nourishments may be the first step of the treatment period

Investigation of the relationship between mean platelet volume and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by recurrent upper airway obstruction and intermittent hypoxia during sleep. Intermittent hypoxia and increased inflammatory activity plays a role in increased risk of cardiovascular disease in the OSAS. OSAS is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and cardiovascular disorders are the most important complications of OSAS. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a marker of platelet activation and function, and increased platelet volume is associated with increased platelet activity. Different diseases related with inflammation, hypoxia, vascular injury, thrombosis and atherosclerosis were found to be associated with MPV. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between OSAS and MPV. Methods: In this retrospective study, data of sex and age matched 33 patients with moderate OSAS, 34 patients with severe OSAS and 30 healthy subjects were evaluated. Results: The mean MPV was found in control, moderate OSAS and severe OSAS groups as 7.83±1.00, 8.26±1.40 and 8.94±1.20 (fL) respectively. The mean MPV value was significantly higher in severe OSAS group than control subjects (p=0.001). In correlation analysis, there were positive correlation between MPV with apnea-hypopnea index and total sleep time, and negative correlation between MPV with platelet count and minimum oxygen saturation (Respectively, p=0.003 / R=0.295, p=0.030 / R=0.221, p=0.011 / R= -0.257, p=0.019 / R= -0.238). Conclusion: In this study, the increased MPV was associated with severe OSAS and the results of this study suggest that the platelet activation is increased in OSAS. Hypoxia caused by OSAS, due to the activated platelets, may play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases which is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in OSAS. J Clin Exp Invest 2013; 4 (4): 492-49

Assessment of mean platelet volume in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during stable period and acute exacerbation

Objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important public health problem and it is associated with systemic inflammation. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is one of the markers indicating platelet activation, and it was found to be high in many diseases related to inflammation. In previous studies reported different results evaluating of MPV in COPD. In this study, we aimed to evaluate of C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC), and MPV in acute exacerbation of COPD and stable COPD patients. Methods: In this retrospective study, data of 40 patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, 43 stable COPD patients and 40 healthy subjects were evaluated. Results: The mean MPV, CRP and WBC were found in control, stable COPD and acute exacerbation of COPD groups, 7.9±1.1; 8.2±1.3 and 8.7±1.6 fL; 3.4±1.2; 5.2±3.5 and 27.5±23.6 mg/L; 7.8±1.6; 8.1±2.1 and 11.4±4.5 x103/ ϻL, respectively. The mean WBC and CRP in the acute exacerbation of COPD group were significantly higher than the other groups (for both values p ˂0.001). The mean MPV in the acute exacerbation of COPD group was found higher than in the other groups. The mean MPV values were significantly higher in patients of acute exacerbation than control subjects (p=0.030). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the increased MPV may be a marker for the evaluation acute exacerbation of COPD as well as the classic acute phase reactant CRP. J Clin Exp Invest 2013; 4 (4): 483-48

Comparison of Mean Platelet Volume Values between Patients with Nasal Polyp and Healthy Individuals

Objective:Nasal Polyp (NP) and Allergic Rhinitis (AR) are frequently seen in common. It has been reported that there is an increase in the risk of atherosclerosis in allergic patients. In our study, we aimed to evaluate Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) values in patients with NP, which is used as a marker of atherosclerosis.Methods:Seventy-five patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) with a diagnosis of NP were reviewed. Seventy-five age-matched healthy individuals without AR made up the control group. Values of white blood cell (WBC), platelet (PLT), hemoglobilin (Hb) and MPV were evaluated.Results:MPV values were found to be low in patients with NP 7.89±1.02 fL compared to control group 8.32±1.42 fL. This finding was statistically significant.Conclusion:It was found that MPV values are significantly low in patients with NP than control group

Relationship between Hba1c and blood glucose level in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus

Within in the scope of this study, a researchwas aimed at the relationship between HbA1c markersand blood glucose levels with DM, chronic renal failureand receiving dialysis treatment.Methods: In this study, monthly glucose levels and quarterlyHbA1c markers of 131 patients (53 female, 78 male)receiving dialysis treatment in a private dialysis centerbetween January 1, 2009-July 31, 2010 were evaluatedretrospectively.Results: The average age of 131 cases was 63.3±11.2years (range, 30-91). Gender distribution of the cases: 53female (40.5%), 78 male (59.5%). While the age averageof the females was 62.2±11.2 and the males’ was64.1±11.2. The average glucose level of the females andmales have a correlation to average HbA1c (Female:p<0.001, r=0.761, Males: p<0.001, r=0.743). The averageglucose level of the both case groups have a correlationto average HbA1c (p<0.001, r=0.755). While 32.8%of the examined HbA1c results were observed underthe level 6,5%, and 67.2% of the examined results wereobserved above the level 6.5%. While 18.3% of the preprandialblood glucose levels were obtained under 126mg/dl level, and 81.3% of the results were obtained above126 mg/dl level. It has been observed that the mean bloodglucose level has a correlation to average HbA1c level.Conclusion: The measurement of HbA1c and blood glucose(pre-prandial and postprandial) and the correlationbetween them, by virtue of the fact that, are vitally importantin cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, monitorof DM for the dialysis patients with diabetic nephropathy.Key words: Hemodialysis, diabetes mellitus, HbA1

Çocuk işçiliği eğitim modülünün sivil toplum örgütlerinin çocuk hakları tutumuna etkisinin belirlenmesi

Amaç: Çocuk işçiliği çocuk hakları boyutuyla disiplinler arası çalışılması gereken bir konudur. Sivil toplum örgütlerinin Çocuk hakları konusunda eğitimi, çocuk işçiliğindeki çocukların hak kaybı ya da hakların korunması yönünde sivil toplum liderlerine önemli sorumluluk vermektedir. Araştırma sivil toplum örgütü liderlerinin çocuk hakları konusunda bilgi düzeyinin eğitim ile değişimini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmanın tipi deneyseldir. Araştırma 2018 yılı Mart- Haziran ayları arasında 4 ayda, pilot olarak seçilen 4 ilde (Adana, Mersin, Ordu, Manisa) yapılmış, araştırmaya 123 kişi katılmıştır. Bu araştırma, Türkiye Esnaf Sanatkarlar Konfederasyonu (TESK) ve Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi işbirliği ile UNICEF projesi kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Araştırma için liderlere, çocuk hakları ve çocuk işçiliği konusunda 4 saatlik bir eğitim verilmiştir. Bu eğitim öncesi ve sonrasında liderlere çocuk işçiliği anket formu ve çocuk hakları tutum Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Araştırma izni MKÜ Etik kurulundan alınmıştır. Veriler SPSS 22 de analiz edilmiş, dağılım yönünden Kolmogorov-Smirnow testi ile incelenmiş sonrasında ise gruplar arası MannWhitney U testi / Kruskal Wallis testi kullanılmıştır. Eğitim öncesi ve sonrası için ise Wilcoxon testi ile değerlendirilmiş olup, p>0.05 anlamlı kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Araştırma sonuçlarına göre sivil toplum liderlerinin çocuk hakları ölçeği puan ortalaması eğitim öncesi ön-test 97.52±10.95, eğitim sonrası son-test 99.02±10.71 olarak bulunmuştur. Çocuk haklarına yönelik eğitim öncesi ve sonrası değerler istatiksel olarak anlamlıdır (p=0.01). Eğitimin, liderlerin cinsiyeti (E/K), iş pozisyonu (Başkan/Çalışan), iş yılı tecrübesi (0-11 yıl), yaş değişkenlerine göre etkisi istatiksel olarak anlamlı değildir (p>0.05). Fakat eğitim, liderlerin eğitim durumu ve çalışmanın yapıldığı illere göre istatiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç: Çocuk hakları bilgi düzeyi, sivil toplum örgütleri liderlerinin eğitim ile yükseltilebilir. Eğitimler pilot çalışmalara göre, bölgesel sonuçlar dikkate alınarak artırılmalıdır.Objectives: Child labour is an interdisciplinary issue including the child rights dimension. Child rights training for non-governmental organizations in the means of forfeiture and keeping the rights of children gives crucial responsibility to NGO leaders. The research is done to assess the change of child rights knowledge level of NGO leaders via training. Materials and Methods: The research is experimental and it is accomplished in 4 pilot cities (Adana, Mersin, Ordu, Manisa) in four months between March and June 2018 and 123 persons took part in it. The study is supported by a UNICEF project cooperation with The Confederation of Turkish Tradesmen and Craftsmen (CTTC) and Hatay Mustafa Kemal University (HMKU). In the frame of the research, the leaders are given a four hours of training on child rights and child labour. Child labour survey form and child rights attitude scale is applied to the leaders before and after the training. The permission for the research is got from HMKU Ethics Committee. Gathered data is analyzed by SPSS 22, examined by Kolmogorov-Smirnow test in the means of distribution and then inter-groups Mann-Whitney U test / Kruskal Wallis test is used. Wilcoxon test is used before and after the training and p>0.05 is accepted as meaningful. Results: As a result of the research findings, child rights scale points average of NGO leaders are 97.52±10.95 before training for preliminary test; and 99.02±10.71 after training for posttest. Acquired values gathered before and after child rights training are statistically meaningful (p=0.01). The effect of training compared to the gender of leaders (M/F), working position (President/Worker), working experience (0-11 years), age variables is not statistically meaningful (p>0.05). On the other hand, education level of leaders is statistically meaningful depending on the cities that the research accomplished. Conclusion: Child rights knowledge level could be increased via the training of NGO leaders. The trainings should be increased considering the regional results depending on the pilot studies

Sivil toplum örgütlerinin çocuk işçiliğinde çocuk haklarına yönelik bakış açılarının belirlenmesi

Giriş: Çocuk işçiliği, işveren, aile ve çocukları kapsayan küresel bir sorundur ve multidispliner çözümler içerir.Araştırmanın amacı sivil toplum örgütü çalışanlarının, çocuk işçiliğine yönelik bakış açılarının, çocuk hakları ile ilişkisini belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Prospektif tanımlayıcı tipte yapılan araştırma, 4 ayda tamamlanmıştır. Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuklara Yardım Fonu (UNICEF) ve Esnaf ve Sanatkarlar Konfederasyonu (TESK) işbirliği ile, 5 ilde 358 sivil toplum çalışanı ile yapılmıştır. Sosyodemografik bilgi formu, çocuk işçiliği anket soruları ve Çocuk Hakları Tutum Ölçeği (ÇHTÖ) kullanılmıştır. Veri analizi için SPSS programında ki-kare, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Students’s t-testi, OneWay ANOVA, ileri analizde post-hoc LSD testleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Yönetici olmak, üniversite düzeyinde eğitim almak, 11 yıl ve üzerinde iş tecrübesine sahip olmak sivil toplum örgütleri çalışanlarının çocuk işçiliği farkındalık düzeylerini arttırmaktadır. Cinsiyet, iş pozisyonu, iş tecrübesi, yaş, eğitim ve ikamet edilen iller çalışanların çocuk işçiliğine yönelik bakış açılarını etkilemektedir. Erkek cinsiyet, üniversite düzeyinde eğitim, yönetici olmak, 26-35 yaş aralığı, iller gibi faktörler çocuk haklarının yaygınlaştırılmasında sorumluluk almayı etkilemektedir. Veriler çocuk haklarıyla ilgili eğitimlere, üniversite düzeyinde eğitim sahibi olanların ve yöneticilerin daha fazla katıldığını göstermektedir. Bu araştırmada sivil toplum örgütleri çalışanlarının ÇHTÖ puan ortalaması 33.79±10.65, liderlerin puan ortalaması 36.43±12.25 olarak bulunmuştur. Kadın olmak, 26-35 yaş aralığında olmak, üniversite mezunu olmak, sivil toplum örgütlerinin bölgesel olarak Adana ili katılımcıların çocuk hakları tutumlarını pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Sonuç: Çocuk işçiliğinde, sosyodemografik özellikler, bölgesel farklılıklar ve çalışanların aldıkları eğitimler sivil toplum örgütleri çalışanlarının çocuk hakları tutumlarını etkilemektedir.Introduction: Child labour is a global issue including employers, families and children and involves multidisciplinary solutions. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between the children rights and the point of view of non-govermental organization (NGO) workers on child labour. Material and Method: This prospective descriptive research study is accomplished in 4 months and carried out in 5 cities interviewing with 358 NGO workers cooperating with the UN International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and Confederation of Turkish Tradesmen (TESK). Sociodemographic information form, child labour survey questions and Child Rights Attitude Scale (ÇHTO) were used. Chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Students’s t-test, One Way ANOVA were used for data analysis and post-hoc LSD tests for advanced analysis. Results: Being an administrator, having education at university level, 11 years and more work experience increase the awareness of the employees of NGO’s on child labour. The perspectives of employees on child labour were affected depending on gender, job position, work experience, age, education and place of residence. Their responsibility on children's rights was affected by male gender, university level education, being a manager, 26-35 age range and provinces. The data on the children rights education reveals that administrators and workers with bachelor degree participates more in to child rights related trainings. The mean ÇHTO score was found to be 33.79 ± 10.65 for the employees of NGO’s and 36.43 ± 12.25 for leaders. Participants’ attitudes on children's rights were affected in positive manner by being woman, 26-35 years of age, university graduation and residing in Adana province considering regionally. Conclusion: Socio-demographic characteristics, regional variations and training background of employees affect the NGO’s workers’ child rights attitude on child labour issues

Determining The Perspectives of Non-governmental Organizations on Child Labour and Children's Rights

Giriş: Çocuk işçiliği, işveren, aile ve çocukları kapsayan küresel bir sorundur ve multidispliner çözümler içerir.Araştırmanın amacı sivil toplum örgütü çalışanlarının, çocuk işçiliğine yönelik bakış açılarının, çocuk hakları ile ilişkisini belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Prospektif tanımlayıcı tipte yapılan araştırma, 4 ayda tamamlanmıştır. Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuklara Yardım Fonu (UNICEF) ve Esnaf ve Sanatkarlar Konfederasyonu (TESK) işbirliği ile, 5 ilde 358 sivil toplum çalışanı ile yapılmıştır. Sosyodemografik bilgi formu, çocuk işçiliği anket soruları ve Çocuk Hakları Tutum Ölçeği (ÇHTÖ) kullanılmıştır. Veri analizi için SPSS programında ki-kare, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Students’s t-testi, OneWay ANOVA, ileri analizde post-hoc LSD testleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Yönetici olmak, üniversite düzeyinde eğitim almak, 11 yıl ve üzerinde iş tecrübesine sahip olmak sivil toplum örgütleri çalışanlarının çocuk işçiliği farkındalık düzeylerini arttırmaktadır. Cinsiyet, iş pozisyonu, iş tecrübesi, yaş, eğitim ve ikamet edilen iller çalışanların çocuk işçiliğine yönelik bakış açılarını etkilemektedir. Erkek cinsiyet, üniversite düzeyinde eğitim, yönetici olmak, 26-35 yaş aralığı, iller gibi faktörler çocuk haklarının yaygınlaştırılmasında sorumluluk almayı etkilemektedir. Veriler çocuk haklarıyla ilgili eğitimlere, üniversite düzeyinde eğitim sahibi olanların ve yöneticilerin daha fazla katıldığını göstermektedir. Bu araştırmada sivil toplum örgütleri çalışanlarının ÇHTÖ puan ortalaması 33.79±10.65, liderlerin puan ortalaması 36.43±12.25 olarak bulunmuştur. Kadın olmak, 26-35 yaş aralığında olmak, üniversite mezunu olmak, sivil toplum örgütlerinin bölgesel olarak Adana ili katılımcıların çocuk hakları tutumlarını pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Sonuç: Çocuk işçiliğinde, sosyodemografik özellikler, bölgesel farklılıklar ve çalışanların aldıkları eğitimler sivil toplum örgütleri çalışanlarının çocuk hakları tutumlarını etkilemektedir.Introduction: Child labour is a global issue including employers, families and children and involves multidisciplinary solutions. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between the children rights and the point of view of non-govermental organization (NGO) workers on child labour. Material and Method: This prospective descriptive research study is accomplished in 4 months and carried out in 5 cities interviewing with 358 NGO workers cooperating with the UN International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and Confederation of Turkish Tradesmen (TESK). Sociodemographic information form, child labour survey questions and Child Rights Attitude Scale (ÇHTO) were used. Chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Students’s t-test, One Way ANOVA were used for data analysis and post-hoc LSD tests for advanced analysis. Results: Being an administrator, having education at university level, 11 years and more work experience increase the awareness of the employees of NGO’s on child labour. The perspectives of employees on child labour were affected depending on gender, job position, work experience, age, education and place of residence. Their responsibility on children's rights was affected by male gender, university level education, being a manager, 26-35 age range and provinces. The data on the children rights education reveals that administrators and workers with bachelor degree participates more in to child rights related trainings. The mean ÇHTO score was found to be 33.79 ± 10.65 for the employees of NGO’s and 36.43 ± 12.25 for leaders. Participants’ attitudes on children's rights were affected in positive manner by being woman, 26-35 years of age, university graduation and residing in Adana province considering regionally. Conclusion: Socio-demographic characteristics, regional variations and training background of employees affect the NGO’s workers’ child rights attitude on child labour issues

The frequency of Demodex spp in depression patients

Objective: Demodex spp., usually located on the human skin, including the face and eyelashes, is a mandatory ectoparasite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and factors affecting Demodex spp. in patients with depression. Materials and Methods: In this study, 63 depressed patients and 63 healthy controls were evaluated. To collect samples for analysis, a drop of glue containing cyanoacrylate was put on a lamella and the lamella was pressed on the certain areas of the face (forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin) for about a minute. Then it was carefully removed and the density of Demodex spp. in a cm 2 was counted under a microscope. For the diagnosis, the presence of fve or more Demodex spp. in a cm 2 was considered to be positive. Results: In 23.8% of depressed patients (n=15) and in 9.5% of the control group (n=6), Demodex spp. was detected in the facial area. The presence of Demodex spp. in the facial area of depressed patients was signifcantly higher compared to the control group. When CGI severity scores of patients and the relationship between the severity of depression and the presence of Demodex spp. were compared, no signifcant difference was detected. Conclusion: Depression may be a risk factor for the infection of Demodex parasites&nbsp;because of&nbsp;impaired immune system as well as reduction of self-care and hygiene of the person. For the itchy lesions on the face of depressed patients, Demodex spp. infestation should also be taken into consideration

Investigation of Intrafamilial Transmission in Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Positive Cases in Harran University Hospital

WOS: 000273915500037Objective: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a public health problemowing to communicable and widespreant. In addition to It is important issue because of preventable and prevent to people from contaminated persons. Transmission of HBV may be connected to transmission carrecteristics such as horizontal, vertical, sexual and blood, priority. Aim of this study is to determine the possible route of HBV transmission throughout a family setting. Material and Methods: 173 members (29 spouses, 82 offspring, 11 mothers, 11 fathers and 40 siblings) of 40 index cases (HBsAg carriers and chronic active hepatitis cases) attending the Harran University Medical Faculty Hospital between Augst 2006 and March 2007 were screened prospectively for markers of HBV by using an ELISA. The chi-squared and Logistic regression analyses were used for statistical analysis. Results: Index cases was 18.8% of all family members, while HBsAg prevalence is 15.0% among family members except index cases. Among family members, the highest prevalences of antiHBc were in the mothers (54.5%) and sisters (45.5%), brothers (33.3%), sons (32.6%)and wifes (31.3%), the least prevalences of antiHBc were husbands (7.7%), fathers (18.2%), and doughters (22.2%) of all index cases. Transmission of HBV to both the mothers and sisters were positive was high, Transmission of HBV to fathers was low in all families. There was significant difference in cases where only the mother and husbands of index cases for HBV transmission (p=0.012). In the logistic regression model; living with chronic hepatitis B index case (OR=1.92; CI=1.03-3.57), to be illiterate (OR=6.81 CI=1.27-22.13), born at home with traditional methods (OR=3.70; CI=1.15-11.87) and born at home with the help of midwife (OR=3.44; CI=1.47-7.91) were higher risk for hepatitits B transmision. Conclusion: The family members of index cases with inactive HBV carriers, particularly in the case of chronic active hepatitis have a high risk of transmission