Categorical apparatus of individual marketing

The aim of the article. The aim of the article is to clarify the essence of individual marketing and its interconnection with relationship marketing, CRM, direct marketing and database marketing based on a study of the marketing genesis and the evolution of the process of individual communication between buyer and seller. We consider relationship marketing as the most general notion that involves individual marketing, CRM, direct marketing and database marketing. Relationship marketing is to be viewed as establishing long-term relationships between seller and buyer on mutually beneficial basis. The emergence of information technologies and their widespread use in business has a significant impact on relationship marketing and led to the concept of CRM.\ud The results of the analysis. We consider CRM as business strategy which is based on information technologies and designed to provide long-term, mutually beneficial relationships with customers through client-oriented approach and the creation of high customer value to the product and company. CRM and CRM-systems that are designed to work with customers' databases and are operating with huge volumes of information for marketing purposes have contributed to the realization of the principles of individual marketing.\ud Conceptual approaches to the definition of the concepts of «individual marketing» and CRM allow us to identify common and distinctive features as well as the interdependency between them. It is appropriate to talk about CRM as the concept which is broader than individual marketing. CRM focuses on relationships with customers, and the main objective of it is to establish long-term relationships for mutual benefit, while individual marketing needs to be supported by resources and technologies to create a specific product that is able to meet the particular individual needs of customers. It should be noted that the practical implementation of the principles of CRM is possible when using an individualized approach to a client in respect with the all marketing complex. Database marketing can be called a technical tool that provides a CRM-system with incoming data.The authors make clarifications and distinctions between the concepts of direct marketing and database marketing. Direct marketing is focused on the use of databases for construction of communications with individual clients in order to get a direct response from them. In this case, database marketing can be called a technical tool associated with creation of the customers’ database, and direct marketing is a practical tool to interact with consumers.\ud Conclusions and directions of futher researches. In the future, it is important to consider the cost-effectiveness of individual marketing that is linked with the development of internet technology, as well as the possibility of use of individual marketing. It is necessary to clarify limiting factors of using individual marketing. Such factors may include, for example, difficulty in planning of economic activity, creating of harmonious assortment, invasion in privacy of consumers, economic practicability, etc

Effect of the Structure of Carboxylate Ligands on the X-Ray Photoelectron Spectral Parameters of Trinuclear Heterometallic Complexes [Fe2MO(O2CR)6(H2O)3](H2O)3 (M = Co, Ni; R = CH3, CCl3)

An anomalously large difference was found in the energies of the 2p, 3s, and 3p lines in the X-ray photoelectron spectra for all metal ions in complexes [Fe2MO(O2CCH3)6(H2O)3](H2O)3 and [Fe2MO(O2CCCl3)6(H2O)3](H2O)3(M = Co, Ni). The observed line shifts were explained in the framework of an electrostatic model considering the change in the interaction energy of the electrons of metal atoms and the charge distribution of the peripheral fragments of the complexes. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York

Effect of the Structure of Carboxylate Ligands on the X-Ray Photoelectron Spectral Parameters of Trinuclear Heterometallic Complexes [Fe2MO(O2CR)6(H2O)3](H2O)3 (M = Co, Ni; R = CH3, CCl3)

An anomalously large difference was found in the energies of the 2p, 3s, and 3p lines in the X-ray photoelectron spectra for all metal ions in complexes [Fe2MO(O2CCH3)6(H2O)3](H2O)3 and [Fe2MO(O2CCCl3)6(H2O)3](H2O)3(M = Co, Ni). The observed line shifts were explained in the framework of an electrostatic model considering the change in the interaction energy of the electrons of metal atoms and the charge distribution of the peripheral fragments of the complexes. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York

Study of the electronic structure of polynuclear cobalt trimethylacetate complexes by Co3s and Co3p X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The electronic structure of mono-, hexa-, and nonanuclear cobalt trimethylacetate complexes was studied by XPS. The Co3s- and Co3p X-ray photoelectron spectra of the complexes were recorded. The Co3p spectrum of bivalent cobalt was calculated in the isolated-ion intermediate-coupling approximation. Spectrum analysis showed that the [Co(N-Phobsqdi) 2(η'-N-Ph-opda)(OOCCMe3)] complex is a strong-field complex with Co(III) in the diamagnetic state; the [Co(dipy) 2(OOCCMe3)2], [Co(dipyam)(OOCCMe 3)2], and [Co9(μ3-OH) 6(μ-OOCCMe3)12(OCMe2) 4] are high-spin weak-field Co(II) complexes; and the [Co 6(μ4- O)2(OOCCMe3) 10(THF)4] complex contains both the Co(II) and Co(III) atoms. The energy position of major Co3s- and Co3p spectral maxima were found to be sensitive to the nature of the nearest environment of cobalt atoms. The data correlate well with X-ray crystallographic data. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2011

Combined analysis of chemical bonding in a Cu(II) dimer using QTAIM, Voronoi tessellation and Hirshfeld surface approaches

Interaction of 1-(1 H -pyrazol-5-yl)ethanone oxime (H 2 PzOx) with copper(II) chloride in the presence of pyridine afforded a binuclear discrete [Cu 2 (HPzOx) 2 Cl 2 py 2 ] complex, which was characterized by Fourier transform???IR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, magnetochemistry and high-resolution X-ray diffraction experiments. Multipole refinement of X-ray diffraction data and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of an isolated molecule allowed charge and spin distributions to be obtained for this compound. Magnetochemistry data, EPR spectra and DFT calculations of an isolated molecule show antiferromagnetic coupling between copper(II) ions. The spin distribution suggests an exchange pathway via the bridging pyrazole ring in the equatorial plane of the CuN 4 Cl coordination polyhedron, thus providing support for the classical superexchange mechanism; the calculated value of the magnetic coupling constant ???2 J is equal to 220???cm ???1 , which compares well with the experimental value of 203????????2???cm ???1 . Chemical connectivity was derived by Bader's `quantum theory of atoms in molecules' and compared with Voronoi tessellation and Hirshfeld surface representations of crystal space. All methodologies gave a similar qualitative and semi-quantitative description of intra- and intermolecular connectivity

X-ray photoelectron spectra of heterometallic 3d-metal carboxylate complexes

The electronic structure and magnetic states in the heterometallic hexanuclear complex Mn 4 II Fe 2 III (μ4-O)2(Piv)10 • MeCN4 have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The substitution of two Mn atoms for two Fe atoms in the hexanuclear complex was found to have an effect on the patterns of iron and manganese X-ray photoelectron spectra. XPS data are evidence of the high-spin paramagnetic state of MnII and FeIII atoms, as well as of the ligand-metal charge transfer upon complex formation. In the heteroatomic complex, the degree of bond covalence increased for both the manganese and iron atoms. The results obtained are in good agreement with X-ray diffraction data. © 2011 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

X-ray photoelectron Fe3s and Fe3p spectra of polynuclear trimethylacetate iron complexes

X-ray photoelectron Fe3s and Fe3p spectra are employed to study the electron structure and the spin magnetic state of bi-, tri-, and hexa-nuclear trimethylacetate iron complexes. Assignment of the spectra is performed based on an isolated-ion Pauli-Fock calculation of Fe3s and Fe3p spectra of the Fe atoms in bi-and tri-valent states. Nonequivalent FeIII and FeII atoms are detected in tri-and hexa-nuclear complexes. Paramagnetic-limit molecular magnetic moments are calculated using effective atomic magnetic moments obtained from spin-sensitive spectral characteristics. Comparison of those values with the magnetic measurements data demonstrates antiferromagnetic interaction within the complexes. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

X-ray photoelectron spectra of heterometallic 3d-metal carboxylate complexes

The electronic structure and magnetic states in the heterometallic hexanuclear complex Mn 4 II Fe 2 III (μ4-O)2(Piv)10 • MeCN4 have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The substitution of two Mn atoms for two Fe atoms in the hexanuclear complex was found to have an effect on the patterns of iron and manganese X-ray photoelectron spectra. XPS data are evidence of the high-spin paramagnetic state of MnII and FeIII atoms, as well as of the ligand-metal charge transfer upon complex formation. In the heteroatomic complex, the degree of bond covalence increased for both the manganese and iron atoms. The results obtained are in good agreement with X-ray diffraction data. © 2011 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd