Girişimcilik ve Yenilikçilik Kavramlarının İktisadi Düşüncedeki Yeri: Joseph A. Schumpeter

Girişimcilik, küreselleşen günümüz dünyasında ekonomik gelişmede rol oynayan en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Girişimcilik ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmanın motoru, yenilik ve yaratıcılığın kaynağıdır. Ekonomik açıdan girişimciliğin bu artan önemi, ekonomik teoride girişimcinin niteliklerinin ve rolünün ne olduğu ile ilgili bazısorularıda beraberinde getirmektedir. Ekonomik gelişmede girişimcilerin dinamik rolü üzerinde duran ve girişimciyi yenilikleri gerçekleştiren kişi olarak tanımlayan Schumpeter, buluşlar yoluyla girişimcilerin üretime getirdikleri yenilikleri, liberal kapitalist gelişmenin itici gücü olarak kabul etmektedir. Diğer bir ifadeyle Schumpeter teknolojik yenilikleri ve girişimcilik faaliyetlerini statik ekonominin üretken kaynaklarınıdinamik yeniliklere aktaran güçler olarak ele alır. Girişimciliğin yenilikçi faaliyetleri olarak ifade edilen bu gelişmeler ilk olarak Schumpeter tarafından ele alınmakla birlikte girişimcilik ve yenilikçilik kavramlarıfarklıiktisat okullarıtarafından farklı şekillerde yorumlanmıştır.Bu çalışma ilk olarak iktisadi düşünce tarihinde girişimciliğin ve yenilikçiliğin teorik temellerini oluşturan yorumlarıinceledikten sonra Schumpeter’in yenilikçi girişimci analizini irdelemektedi

Tobin Tax - reducing the negative effects of capital controls and short-term capital movements

The phenomenon liberalization, with the influence of the Bretton Woods system that collapsed subsequent to the Oil Shock in 1970, first began with the efforts to discover markets to value the investments of these countries in the developed countries. In order to provide the desired capital figures, in the 1980s the developed countries, squeezed under the debt load together with insufficient capital accumulation and low saving rates, needed the foreign resources and, at this point, the liberalization process of capital gained importance. Realizing the growth and developmental targets of countries’ economies, their integration in the liberalization gained great importance. The developing countries’ integration in the system without the necessary arrangement in their financial structures had an effect in terms of disturbing the stability of the economies, particularly in short-term capital inflows. As much as the problem created by the speculative capital inflow, the immediate outflow of this capital, disturbing the balance of economies, also caused crisis. To minimize the negative influence of short-term capital, capital controls are emphasized. Just as these controls can have various application ways, the most emphasized and discussed application was Tobin tax. Even though there are various disagreements in terms of whether or not Tobin tax affected the capital inflows, the examples of Malaysia and Chile represent successful results. In the first section of this study, the development of the liberalization process will be examined. In the second section, the effects created by the capital movements, and particularly short-term capital movements, on the countries’ economies will be emphasized. In the third section, the capital controls and Tobin tax, suggested for reducing the negative effects of the short-term capital movements will be considered and the applicability and limitations of Tobin tax will be examined

Tobin Tax: Reducing the negative effects of capital controls and short-term capital movements

The phenomenon liberalization, with the influence of the Bretton Woods system that collapsed subsequent to the Oil Shock in 1970, first began with the efforts to discover markets to value the investments of these countries in the developed countries. In order to provide the desired capital figures, in the 1980s the developed countries, squeezed under the debt load together with insufficient capital accumulation and low saving rates, needed the foreign resources and, at this point, the liberalization process of capital gained importance. Realizing the growth and developmental targets of countries' economies, their integration in the liberalization gained great importance. The developing countries' integration in the system without the necessary arrangement in their financial structures had an effect in terms of disturbing the stability of the economies, particularly in short-term capital inflows. As much as the problem created by the speculative capital inflow, the immediate outflow of this capital, disturbing the balance of economies, also caused crisis. To minimize the negative influence of short-term capital, capital controls are emphasized. Just as these controls can have various application ways, the most emphasized and discussed application was Tobin tax. Even though there are various disagreements in terms of whether or not Tobin tax affected the capital inflows, the examples of Malaysia and Chile represent successful results. In the first section of this study, the development of the liberalization process will be examined. In the second section, the effects created by the capital movements, and particularly short-term capital movements, on the countries' economies will be emphasized. In the third section, the capital controls and Tobin tax, suggested for reducing the negative effects of the short-term capital movements will be considered and the applicability and limitations of Tobin tax will be examined