A New Challenge for Special Education Teacher Training in Turkey: The Newest and Applied Master’s Degree Program’s Effects

After the new education reform made in Turkey in 2012 under the leadership of the Minister of National Education Prof.Dr. Omer DINCER, considerable steps have been taken in training teachers who will work in the field of special education. According to Sari (2013), it is known that 48% of approximately 5580 teachers in 2468 special education institutions in Turkey are the graduates from special education departments and 52% of these teachers are the graduates from other departments. Turkey is urgently in need of the appointment of 22000 teachers graduating from the department of special education in 2014 and afterwards. Within the scope of this need in Turkey, one of the steps taken in order to train teachers having required competence in this field is the Applied Master’s Degree Program (AMDP). It is a program, which was suggested to the Council of Higher Education by the Minister of National Education Prof. Dr. Omer Dincer, who was on duty between 2012 and 2013, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hakan Sari, the General Director of Special Education and Guidance Services of that period. It includes a total of 857-hour training and at least 4-semester compulsory education with a 196-hour learning practice in the field of special education, which is the first in Turkey.  It is a program in which students are chosen among students graduated from the faculties providing education for teachers or among students having pedagogical formation (knowledge of teaching field) graduated from other faculties. As it is a program which is being applied for the first time in the world, it is necessary to introduce the practices carried out in special education institutions after completing the courses successfully and the tasks that students must perform within the process of practice, and to share its practicality in other countries.Therefore, the purpose of this research is to provide a basis to be able to apply this model in other countries by sharing the acquisitions of the program, which is being applied for the first time in Turkey in order to train qualified special education teachers in both institutional frame and implementation phase. In this research, ‘Document Analysis’ method was used. With this method, the research was completed by analyzing all admitted correspondences, written documents that would form a basis though ‘Content Analysis Method’. Until now, most of the applied solutions to the case of teacher training in special education have caused concerns in terms of quality problems.  It is believed that the special education teachers that graduate from AMDP will be able to continue their professions with a more qualified and sufficient capacity.This paper is just a sample template for the prospective authors of IISTE Over the decades, the concepts of holons and holonic systems have been adopted in many research fields, but they are scarcely attempted on labour planning. A literature gap exists, thus motivating the author to come up with a holonic model that uses exponential smoothing to forecast some quantitative variables in labour-intensive production. These varying parameters include the machine utilisation that reflects the demand and the worker absenteeism and turnover that constitute the disturbance. Collective equations are formulated to periodically compute the number of workers required. For model validation purpose, twenty-four-month data analysis is conducted on a mock-up basis. Keywords: teacher training, special education, applied master’s degree program in special education, teacher educatio

Measurement of financial integration : theory review and a new approach to Euler test

Ankara : The Department of Economics, Bilkent University, 2009.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 2009.Includes bibliographical references leaves 35-38.An extension of the Euler test in which the real interest rate differential is explained by the growth rate of real consumption of the domestic and the foreign country, and new proxies developed to measure real interest rate differential instead of ex post real interest rate constitute the backbone of this paper. The proxies are obtained directly from the real economic variables that try to overcome the difficulty of measuring unobservable ex post real interest rates, which, by nature, may contain monetary shocks, and varies considerably according to the reference nominal interest rates and baskets that measures the price developments. In one of the abovementioned proxies, a new factor trying to capture the effect of human capital growth developments on real interest rates has been included. After constructing these new proxies, the validity of the extended Euler test has been checked for 11 OECD countries and the level of these countries’ integration to the world has been tested by taking United States as the foreign country.Er, HakanM.S

Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Evaluation, and Computational Investigation of Substituted Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]Thiadiazole Derivatives

In this study, a novel series of 2,6-disubstituted and 2,5,6-trisubstituted imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives were synthesized starting from 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. Structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized using various analysis techniques. Then, in vitro biological activity tests were carried out for all synthesized compounds and they were found to show moderate to good activity against all bacteria and fungi tested. Next, molecular docking simulations were performed to observe the inhibition effect of the synthesized compounds on the 3R9C receptor and support their biological activity results. Finally, the pharmacokinetic, ADME and toxicity properties of all compounds were examined using FAF-Drugs and ProTox webservers and it was concluded that they had acceptable toxicity and ADME properties. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Gmb

Effects of etofenamate and methylprednısolone on spınal cord ınjury

This study evaluates the effects of etofenamate on secondary damage following a spinal cord injury and compares the effects with those of methylprednisolone. A total of 31 male Wistar-Albino rats were used. A weight-drop model was utilized for the experimental spinal cord injury and a 50g-cm impact was applied on the spinal cord. Rats were randomly assigned to one of the three study arms (saline, etofenamate 20 mg/kg, methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg). At the sixth hour of injury electrophysiological evaluations were conducted under anesthesia, and then rats were sacrificed for histopathology. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were applied to the specimens and evaluated under light microscopy. Etofenamate revealed more beneficial results in histopathological evaluations when compared with methylprednisolone, but these favorable results have not been confirmed by electrophysiological measurements. Etofenamate may be a promising agent in the medical treatment of spinal cord injury

A NovelClassSubstitutedImidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoleDerivatives:Synthesis,Characterization,In VitroBiologicalActivity,andPotentialInhibitorsDesignStudies

In this study, imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives were designed and synthesized. All of the synthesized compounds were characterized by H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. The synthesized compounds were tested for antileishmanial activity against two Leishmania species and antibacterial activity against nine bacterial species in the study. It was observed that 2-(4-Fluorobenzylthio)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (5) had the highest antileishmanial activity (MIC: 625 mu g/mL). Also, 4-(2-(4-fluorobenzylthio)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-6-yl)benzonitrile (10), 2-(4-fluorobenzylthio)-6-(4-phenylphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (11), and 4-(2-(4-methoxybenzyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-6-yl)benzonitrile (25) were found to be effective at different studied concentrations. PyRx software, which uses a Lamarckian genetics algorithm, was utilized to find the affinity values of all compounds in molecular docking simulations. Pharmacokinetic properties and toxicities of the ligands were then researched using PROTOX (a webserver for the prediction of oral toxicities of small molecules) and FAF-Drugs (free adsorption distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) tox filtering tool). The study showed that the ligands had acceptable toxicity and ADME properties for the inhibition of the 3JUS receptor

Use of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and cortisone may prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and cortisone prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). METHODS: Twenty pigmented rabbits were used in this study. All rabbits except controls received an intravitreal injection of 0.15 ml (75,000 U) of platelet-rich plasma into their left eye. The animals were divided into four groups: group I was treated with intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml (15 micromol/kg) of CAPE for 3 days, group II received 0.15 ml (4 mg/kg) of intravitreal cortisone, group III received nothing (blank group), and group IV (control group) received only 1 ml of 1% ethanol intraperitoneally daily for 3 days. Proliferative changes were graded in a masked fashion by indirect ophthalmoscopy for a 15-day follow-up period. The malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total nitrite (NO) levels were measured in the vitreous humor. RESULTS: The grades of PVR were B-C in group I, and C-D in group II. The PVR grade in the control group was C-D. The mean MDA level in group I (4.0+/-0.8 micromol/l) was significantly lower than in the blank group (6.0 micromol/l) (p < 0.05). The mean GSH level in group I (71.0+/-11.2 micromol/l) was significantly different than in the blank group (p < 0.05). The MDA and GSH levels in group II were 4.7+/-0.6 micromol/l and 53.8+/-7.8 micromol/l, respectively. Both these levels were not significantly different from the blank group (p > 0.05). The NO levels in both treatment groups were significantly lower than in the blank group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest an inhibitory effect of CAPE on PVR. The inhibitory effect was supported by lower MDA and NO with higher GSH levels in treatment groups than in the blank group. There was no detected significant effect of cortisone for preventing PVR experimentally

Evaluation of the Toxoplasma gondii IgG Avidity request and results in a tertiary care hospital

Objectives: Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) with various clinical outcomes. Serological tests determining IgG and IgM produced against T. gondii are widely used for laboratory diagnosis of the infection. IgG avidity test identifying the infection initiation in diagnosis is required when specific IgM antibodies are not able to be detected in early period of infection, IgM antibodies in patients with reactivation are not increased or especially in pregnant with IgM positivity. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate avidity test results and to determine the algorithmic place of this test in T. gondii infection. Methods: In this study, avidity test results requested from all of the clinics and services from serology laboratory in 1 January 2013-31 December 2013 were included. Totally, 84 anti-T. gondii IgG avidity was requested. The avidity value was researched by ELISA method using anti-T. gondii IgG avidity kit in patients included in this study. Anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibody tests were performed by ELISA method using commercial kit. Results: 61, 13 and 2 requests were evaluated as high avidity 72.6%, low avidity 15.5% and intermediate value 2.4%, respectively, while 8 requests were unnecessary. Conclusion: It was concluded that primarily anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM tests should be performed in suspicious cases in terms of toxoplasmosis and the IgG avidity tests should be requested from only suitable cases after the evaluation of the test results according to clinic table of the patients and/or the week of pregnancy. J Clin Exp Invest 2014; 5 (2): 246-24

Effects of rosmarinic acid on cognitive and biochemical alterations in ovariectomized rats treated with D-galactose

Introduction. Animal models designed to mimic certain features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can help us to in­crease our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease. Previous studies have revealed that long-term D-galactose injection combined with ovariectomy results in pathophysiologic alterations associated with AD. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) administration on pathological changes associated with ovariectomy and D-galactose injection, which serve as a two-insult model for AD. Material and methods. One hundred female Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups: control (C), Sham (Sh), rosmarinic acid treated (R), ovariectomized rats treated with D-galactose (OD), ovariectomized rats treated with D-galactose and rosmarinic acid (ODR) groups. D-galactose (80 mg/kg/day) was administered by i.p. injection and RA (50 mg/kg/day) was given via gavage for 60 days. Open field and Y-maze tests were used to assess locomotor activity and short-term spatial memory, respectively. Biochemical and histopathological analyses of the brain tissue were performed. Results. Open field testing showed that the locomotor activity and exploratory behavior of rats were prominent­ly impaired in the OD group as compared to the other studied groups. Similarly, Y-maze test results revealed a decrease of short-term spatial memory in the OD rats. A concomitant treatment with RA significantly restored altered locomotor activity and cognitive functions in the ODR group. Lipid peroxidation levels, cyclooxygen­ase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 levels in the brain tissue were higher in the OD group and RA treatment inhibited these changes. AD-like histopathological alterations and amyloid b peptide (Ab) depositions were observed in the OD group. Normal cell structure and lower Ab depositions were observed in the ODR group compared with the OD group. Conclusions. RA could have the potential to prevent some psychological and biochemical alterations of brain tissue found in a rat model of AD probably by attenuating lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response

Cerrahi yolla tedavi edilen el ve el bileği kitlelerinin değerlendirmesi

Amaç: El ve el bileği kökenli tümörler, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji uzmanlarının sıkça karşılaştıkları durumlardır. Bu tümörler sıklıkla benign karakter taşımalarına karşın nadiren malign özellikte tümörlerle de karşılaşılabilir. Bu çalışmamızda; cerrahi tedavi için hastanemize yatan el ve el bileği tümörlü hastalar incelenmiştir. Gereç ve yöntem: 1985-2011 yılları arasında patolojik tanıları doğrulamış 379 hastanın 381 el ve el bileği kitlesi çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Hastaların; 213’ü kadın, 166’sı erkek ve yaş ortalamaları 30,8 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar: Tümörlerin 14 % 3,7 tanesi malign; 367 % 96,3 ’si ise benigndi. Malign tümörlerin görüldüğü ortalama yaş 42,3 ; benign tümörlerinki ise 30,6 olarak hesaplandı. Histopatolojik tetkik sonuçlarına göre en sık olarak görülen tümör, 117 olgu ile enkondrom olurken; ikinci sırayı 104 olgu ile ganglion, üçüncü sırayı 49 olgu ile osteokondrom almıştır. En sık görülen malign tümör 8 olgu ile kondrosarkom olmuştur. Yorum: El ve el bileği tümörlerinin sıklığı ve çeşitliliğine dair epidemiyolojik veriler oldukça kısıtlıdır. El ve el bileği yerleşimli kitleler, her Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji uzmanının karşılaşma ihtimali yüksek olan olgulardır. Bu tümörlerin çok büyük bir kısmı benign nitelikte olsa da; malign tümörlerin de görülebileceği unutulmamalıdır. Bu çalışmamızın; el ve el bileğinde görülen kitlesel lezyonların, tanı ve tedavisi açısından Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji ile uğraşan meslektaşlarımıza faydalı olacağına inanmaktayı

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030