15 research outputs found
Self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour as an essential component of depression: findings from two cross-sectional observational studies
Background: The self-control model of depression suggests depressive symptoms to derive from distorted self-monitoring, dysfunctional self-evaluation and reduced self-reward as well as increased self-punishment. Building on this
model a relationship between self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour, that is, harmful inactivity, and depression
has been assumed. This association has been supported by a recent study in an inpatient sample. However, it remains
unclear if patients with depressive disorders report more self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour than patients
without depressive disorders and if self-directed passive aggression mediates the associations between distorted selfmonitoring and dysfunctional self-evaluation with depressive symptoms.
Methods: Study 1 compared self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour levels between 220 psychotherapy outpatients with (n=140; 67.9% female; Mage=40.0) and without (n=80; 65.0% female; Mage=36.2) depressive disorders.
Diagnoses were made based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Study 2 examined self-directed passiveaggressive behaviour as a mediator of the relationship between distorted self-monitoring and dysfunctional selfevaluation and self-reported depressive symptoms in 200 undergraduate Psychology students.
Results: Compared to outpatients without depressive disorders, outpatients with depressive disorder reported
signifcantly more self-directed passive aggression (d=0.51). Furthermore, Study 2 verifed self-directed passiveaggressive behaviour as a partial mediator of the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes (abcs=.22, 95%-CI: .14,
.31), attributional style (abcs=.20, 95%-CI: .13, .27), ruminative response style (abcs=.15, 95%-CI: .09, .21) and depressive symptoms.
Conclusion: Self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour partially mediates the association between distorted selfmonitoring and dysfunctional self-evaluation with depressive symptoms. Future longitudinal studies need to examine
a potential causal relationship that would form a base to include interventions targeting self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour in prevention and treatment of depression.
Trial registration: Both studies were preregistered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00014005 and
DRKS00019020)
Longitudinal association between preschool fussy eating and body composition at 6Â years of age: The Generation R Study
Incontinence in persons with Angelman syndrome
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a congenital syndrome with a prevalence of 1:15,000. Individuals with AS often have severe intellectual disability, typical dysmorphic signs, and behavioral problems. The aim of the study was to investigate the rate of incontinence and associated psychological problems in children and adults with AS. Ninety children (4–18 years) and 54 adults (18–31 years) with AS were recruited through a parent support group (55.6% male, mean age 15.1 years). The Parental Questionnaire: Enuresis/Urinary Incontinence, the Incontinence Questionnaire-Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-CLUTS), as well as the Developmental Behaviour Checklist for parents (DBC-P) or for adults (DBC-A) were filled out by parents or caregivers. 85.6% of individuals with AS were affected by at least one subtype of incontinence (82.7% nocturnal enuresis (NE), 64.7% daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), and 57.1% fecal incontinence (FI)). 52.5% of the children and 32.6% of adults reached a clinically relevant DBC score. Incontinence was not associated with behavioral problems. NE and DUI were associated with genotype and epilepsy. Conclusion: Children with AS have high rates of incontinence. Many adults are still affected by NE, DUI, or even FI. Screening, assessment, and treatment of incontinence in individuals with AS are recommended.What is Known:• Incontinence in persons with Angelman syndrome (AS) is associated with younger age, lower level of adaptive functioning, and epilepsy.What is New:• Children and teens with AS are at special risk for incontinence, but older persons are also affected.• Comorbid epilepsy is significantly associated not only with nocturnal enuresis (NE) but also with daytime urinary incontinence (DUI). Underlying genotype is significantly associated with incontinence