11 research outputs found
Application of PN and avalanche silicon photodiodes to low-level optical
New approaches to the discovery of other planetary systems require very sensitive and stable detection techniques in order to succeed. Two methods in particular, the astrometric and the photometric methods, require this. To begin understanding the problems and limitations of solid state detectors regarding this application, preliminary experiments were performed at the National Bureau of Standards and a low light level detector characterization facility was built. This facility is briefly described, and the results of tests conducted in it are outlined. A breadboard photometer that was used to obtain stellar brightness ratio precision data is described. The design principles of PN and avalanche silicon photodiodes based on low light level measuring circuits are discussed
Detector-Based Reference Calibrations for Electro-Optical Instruments
ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Adobe AcrobatΠ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
(NMI) ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ². Π Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π‘ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (UV) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (IR) Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² tristimulus, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
This book describes how to perform spectral radiant power, irradiance, and radiance responsivity measurements. Measurement methods are described for detectors, radiometers and photometers to determine the relative spatial, angular, and spectral variations of their responsivities. Determination of absolute responsivities are also discussed in detail. The book describes measurement geometry, measurement setups, typical types and properties of different detectors, radiometers, and photometers, and measurement methods. The measurement methods include procedures to obtain traceability to National Metrological Institutes (NMI) and guidance on selecting standards. Responsivity scale realizations and extensions are described from reference Si standards for the ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) ranges. Directional errors when using the detector and radiometer standards are also discussed. The spectral responsivity calibrations are discussed for photometers and tristimulus colorimeters and also for electronic imaging
Detector-Based Reference Calibrations for Electro-Optical Instruments
ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Adobe AcrobatΠ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
(NMI) ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ². Π Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π‘ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (UV) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (IR) Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² tristimulus, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
This book describes how to perform spectral radiant power, irradiance, and radiance responsivity measurements. Measurement methods are described for detectors, radiometers and photometers to determine the relative spatial, angular, and spectral variations of their responsivities. Determination of absolute responsivities are also discussed in detail. The book describes measurement geometry, measurement setups, typical types and properties of different detectors, radiometers, and photometers, and measurement methods. The measurement methods include procedures to obtain traceability to National Metrological Institutes (NMI) and guidance on selecting standards. Responsivity scale realizations and extensions are described from reference Si standards for the ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) ranges. Directional errors when using the detector and radiometer standards are also discussed. The spectral responsivity calibrations are discussed for photometers and tristimulus colorimeters and also for electronic imaging