Legal standards of free utilization of intellectual property in the sphere of digital economy

The aim of the article is the development of legal standards of free utilization of intellectual property, which will become the basis for the new complex legislative regulation of relationships, that has been arisen due to the development of digital economy. Conceptual basis for the new institutional environment can be represented by the theory of free culture, practical implementation of which provides the transition from agreement-based monopolistic rhetoric towards free utilization of the results of intellectual activity in the cyber environment. We conclude the need to define the legal regime for intellectual property, dependent on its intended use into commercial and non-commercial. We propose to free the sphere of non-commercial from as many legislative barriers as possible. We also propose to widen the use of simplified registration procedures with the participation of commercial organizations, as well as intellectual property (IP) data bases. The preservation of copyright in this sphere is sensible. The principles of equity, fairness should be fundamental institutions for the free utilization of IP. Authors propose the most open and vast rules of communication within the digital environment, which have evolved naturally. Separate standards exists in the form of concepts requiring practical implementation, others have been legally enforced, such as the priority of market mechanisms over government regulation of Internet, principle of balance of right-holders and users. Absence of unified standards of synchronization of digital hardware and high cost of automated systems of control with exclusive rights within the Internet network (e.g. Swiss DRM) oppose the development of digital economy. The results of the study can be used in further development of the stated problems.peer-reviewe

The application of legal-statistical method in analysing manufacturing property’s institutional development

Purpose: The study defines the specifics and opportunities, that arise due to the application of statistical method in judicial research of manufacturing property. Design/Methodology/Approach: The authors put the ground of the study on the aggregation of a vast spectrum of statistical data and indicators of patent activity of leading countries in the sphere of technological innovation. Findings: The authors outlined the main tendencies of legal regulation of scientific and artistic results of intellectual property development and define the specifics and opportunities that arise due to the application of statistical method in judicial research of manufacturing property. Lack of coordination of approaches to protect manufacturing property on the international level, obstructs the development of patent activity amongst the members of the Paris Convention and significantly reduces the effectiveness of the current patent system. Practical implications: Authors' development could be utilized in future developments of Russian institute of manufacturing property and its legal framework. Originality/Value: The contribution of the article is the comprehensive analysis of legal background of intellectual property institute and its development prospects.peer-reviewe

Principles of the development of medical legal framework in Russia : economic factors and legal realities

The article touches upon economic factors affecting the formation of the medical legal system in Russia. In connection with the strained economic situation in the world worsened by the sanctions pressure on the Russian Federation, it becomes obvious that national legal framework is facing new challenges to ensure the standards of universal human values on its territory. The key idea of this article is the point that the state in an unstable economy needs a fundamentally stable system of legal regulation of medical activity. The author's opinion is based on the fact that modern Russian legislation is not fully based on economic realities, on the possibilities of fulfilling the state standards of medical care. Despite the somewhat significant difference in national legal orders, the Europe-wide trend is aimed at the maximum possible protection of medical interests of both national residents and those who have accepted the financial conditions of the national medical system. Nevertheless, Russian legislation recognizes possible limitations in the provision of medical care, especially its high-tech types, to foreign citizens if the latter do not fully reimburse the costs of such assistance directly or through the medical insurance system. The authors insist on the need to maintain a balance of personal and public interests in solving legal issues of all population segments in health care in accordance with European practice.peer-reviewe

The complex of measures on inclusion of small businesses in innovation clusters

Modern practice of managing and its display in scientific publications demonstrate that development of world economy with all evidence proves the major role and the importance of sector of small business structures in national economy. In the modern world the national economy in many respects began to be determined by the balanced and sustainable development of the small business structures recognized now as conductors and creators of new opening and technologies, moreover, as the strategic instrument of the structural transformations of a modern economic system of the country often directed to high-quality increase in efficiency of reproduction process of regional economy. Now in Russia the level of development of an innovative entrepreneurship is very low. It is possible to state lack of properly created institutional environment for development of a small entrepreneurship in the innovative sphere. Clasterisation represents process of consolidation of a number of the organizations of various industries for increase in competitiveness, implementation of innovations, effective development and receipt of other benefits. According to separation of economy on real and virtual, the possibility of creation of both real, and virtual clusters increases. Creation and development of regional clusters will help to create the necessary level of activity of small business structures in innovative activities that will favorably affect increase in competitiveness of both regional, and national economy. The package of measures including measures for involvement of small business structures in clusters is developed for development of a cluster initiative and increase in innovative development of the region. Application of this program will allow to reach synergy effect at the expense of high degree of concentration and cooperation of small business structures and increase in effectiveness of their activities

Differences in the amino acid composition of the antigen epitopes of the VP7 protein of Russian rotaviruses with the G9 genotype and the vaccine strains RotaTeq, Rotavac, and Rotarix

Introduction. Rotaviruses of group A (RVA) with genotype G9P[8] are a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children in Russia. In Nizhny Novgorod, the part of G9P[8] among all RVA strains reached 63.1% during 2016–2017 epidemic season. Two live rotavirus vaccines, RotaTeq and Rotarix have been successfully introduced into the national immunization programs worldwide. In addition, the Indian vaccine Rotavac, based on the strain with G9P[8] genotype, is used on a regional level. The parent strains for all mentioned vaccines were isolated more than 30 years ago. There is no data about phylogenetic analysis and comparative analysis of antigenic epitopes of Russian G9P[8] wild-type isolates and vaccine strains. In the present study, for the first time, we provide a comparative phylogenetic analysis and research of the amino acid composition of the B- and T-cell epitopes of the VP7 protein between Russian rotaviruses with the G9 genotype and the vaccine strains in RotaTeq, Rotarix and Rotavac composition. Materials and methods. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the VP7 gene of RVA with genotype G9 were studied. The rotaviruses had been previously isolated from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in the infectious hospital in Nizhny Novgorod during 2011–2016. Results. A phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the VP7 gene showed that the Nizhny Novgorod strains belong to the G9-III allele. Based on the amino acid sequences VP7, three B-cell epitopes (7–1a, 7–1b and 7–2) and two T-cell epitopes (16–28 aa and 40–52 aa) were analyzed. The smallest number of substitutions was found in the RotaTeq vaccine registered in Russia: from 0 to 3 aa differences at the epitope. The same (from 0 to 3 aa differences at the epitope) was found between the wild-type strains RVA and the Rotavac vaccine. The largest number of amino acid differences was found between the vaccine strain Rotarix and the Nizhny Novgorod G9 strains (from 3 to 10 aa at the epitope). Conclusion. In the present work, based on nucleotide sequences VP7 gene, we provide phylogenetic and comparative analyses of the amino acid composition of antigenic epitopes of G9 RVA isolated in Russia vs rotavirus strains in vaccines RotaTeq, Rotavac and Rotarix. The accumulation of mutations in antigenic epitopes can help the virus to escape the immune response. Continuous molecular monitoring of wild-type RVA strains is necessary for estimation of the possible impact of vaccines on the genotype diversity of the rotavirus population in the wild and to monitor the emergence of novel antigenic variants

VIRAL ETIOLOGY ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTIONS MOLECULAR MONITORING IN CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL

On the territory of the Russian Federation in the overall structure of acute intestinal infections the proportion of viral diarrhea among children varies from 24 to 78% of cases depending on the season. The acute viral intestinal infections etiological confirmation is performed mainly among patients of infectious hospitals. The prevalence of viral acute intestinal infections in non-infectious hospitals, including infections associated with medical care, remains unclear. Currently estimation of viral component in the acute intestinal infections overall structure mainly consists in determination of rotavirus infection prevalence excluding other pathogens. As the part of viral etiology hospital infections epidemiological surveillance in non-infections children’s hospital the study of acute viral intestinal infections etiological structure and molecular genetics characterization of identified enteric viruses is conducted. The syndrome diagnosis of acute intestinal infections cases was introduced — an identification and evaluation of patients with signs of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, that is not related to the underlying disease. A set of laboratory methods included identification of various intestinal pathogens DNA (RNA) by PCR-RT method; genotyping of enteric viruses using sequencing; nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA fragments using the BLAST software package for identification of closely related strains and an online service for automatic genotyping of noroviruses by Norovirus Genotyping Tool Version 1.0. Alignment of nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis was performed using the software MEGA 5.0. The obtained sequence fragments of the genome was downloaded in GenBank international database. The use of molecular genetics research methods allowed to differentiate viral pathogens of acute intestinal infections and to establish the fact of nosocomial transmission. The proportion of viral etiology acute intestinal infections in patients with clinical signs of intestinal infection, and contact persons was 43.8%. The etiological structure of intestinal virus infections was presented by noroviruses (73.2%) genotypes GII.1, GII.3, GII.4 Sydney 2012, rotaviruses (23.2%) genotypes G4P[8] and G1-IP[8], and adenovirus (1.8%) of the group F and astroviruses (1.8%) genotypes 1 and 2. Among the hospitalized children were 9 cases of viral etiology acute intestinal infections importation, and 66 of cases were of nosocomial origin. Examination of the environment revealed the presence of contamination by enteric viruses in 47.8% of cases