Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain on Offspring Overweight in Early Infancy

<div><p>Objective</p><p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with anthropometry in the offspring from birth to 12 months old in Tianjin, China.</p> <p>Methods</p><p>Between 2009 and 2011, health care records of 38,539 pregnant women had been collected, and their children had been measured body weight and length at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age. The independent and joint associations of pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG based on the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines with anthropometry in the offspring were examined using General Linear Model and Logistic Regression.</p> <p>Results</p><p>Prepregnancy BMI and maternal GWG were positively associated with Z-scores for birth weight-for-gestational age, birth length-for-gestational age, and birth weight-for-length. Infants born to mothers with excessive GWG had the greatest changes in Z-scores for weight-for-age from birth to Month 3, and from Month 6 to Month 12, and the greatest changes in Z-scores for length-for-age from birth to months 3 and 12 compared with infants born to mothers with adequate GWG. Excessive GWG was associated with an increased risk of offspring overweight or obesity at 12 months old in all BMI categories except underweight.</p> <p>Conclusions</p><p>Maternal prepregnancy overweight/obesity and excessive GWG were associated with greater weight gain and length gain of offspring in early infancy. Excessive GWG was associated with increased infancy overweight and obesity risk.</p> </div

Trends in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Chinese Preschool Children from 2006 to 2014

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To examine the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among preschool children from 2006 to 2014.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 145,078 children aged 3–6 years from 46 kindergartens finished the annual health examination in Tianjin, China. Height, weight and other information were obtained using standardized methods. Z-scores for weight, height, and BMI were calculated based on the standards for the World Health Organization (WHO) child growth standards.</p><p>Results</p><p>From 2006 to 2014, mean values of height z-scores significantly increased from 0.34 to 0.54, mean values of weight z-scores kept constant, and mean values of BMI z-scores significantly decreased from 0.40 to 0.23. Mean values of height z-scores, weight z-scores, and BMI z-scores slightly decreased among children from 3 to 4 years old, and then increased among children from 4 to 6 years old. Between 2006 and 2014, there were no significant changes in prevalence of overweight (BMI z-scores >2 SD) and obesity (BMI z-scores >3 SD) among 3–4 years children. However, prevalence of obesity (BMI z-scores >2 SD) increased from 8.8% in 2006 to 10.1% in 2010, and then kept stable until 2014 among 5–6 years children. Boys had higher prevalence of obesity than girls.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Mean values of BMI z-scores decreased from 2006 to 2014 among Chinese children aged 3–6 years old due to the significant increase of height z-scores. Prevalence of obesity increased from 2006 to 2010, and then kept stable until 2014 among children aged 5–6 years. The prevalence of obesity was higher in boys than in girls.</p></div

Detailed flow chart for data cleaning procedure.

<p>Detailed flow chart for data cleaning procedure.</p

Odd ratios (95% confidence intervals) of neonatal outcomes by joint effects of maternal prepregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy.

*<p>Adjusted for maternal age, maternal height, maternal education, smoking, family income, and maternal occupation.</p>#<p>Adjusted for maternal age, maternal height, maternal education, smoking, family income, maternal occupation, and gestational age.</p

Odd ratios (95% confidence intervals) of maternal outcomes by joint effects of maternal prepregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy.

*<p>Adjusted for maternal age, maternal height, maternal education, smoking, family income, maternal occupation, and gestational age.</p>#<p>Adjusted for maternal age, maternal height, maternal education, smoking, family income, maternal occupation, gestational age, and birth weight.</p>§<p>Adjusted for maternal age, maternal height, maternal education, smoking, family income, and maternal occupation.</p

Characteristics of study participants among 33-infant pairs according to maternal prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain categories in Tianjin, China.

<p>Large for gestational age was defined as birth weight >90^th percentile; Small for gestational age was defined as birth weight <10^th percentile.</p