Relações de mercado em uma propriedade orgânica no município de Quatro Pontes - PR.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar as relações de mercado da propriedade ressaltando os indicadores de qualidade, relações com consumidores, sistema de marketing e quais as vantagens e desvantagens do sistema de comercialização

The human capital transition and the role of policy

Along with information and communication technology, infrastructure, and the innovation system, human capital is a key pillar of the knowledge economy with its scope for increasing returns. With this in mind, the purpose of this chapter is to investigate how industrialized economies managed to achieve the transition from low to high levels of human capital. The first phase of the human capital transition was the result of the interaction of supply and demand, triggered by technological change and boosted by the demands for (immaterial) services. The second phase of the human capital transition (i.e., mass education) resulted from enforced legislation and major public investment. The state’s aim to influence children’s beliefs appears to have been a key driver in public investment. Nevertheless, the roles governments played differed according to the developmental status and inherent socioeconomic and political characteristics of their countries. These features of the human capital transition highlight the importance of understanding governments’ incentives and roles in transitions

Premodern debasement: a messy affair

The paper argues that in premodern Europe, the practice of debasement was far more ‘messy’ than research has generally recognised. First, high information costs often prevented the effective control of mint officials who could exploit their resulting autonomy in order to debase coins on their own account. Second, these costs made it impossible to monitor markets closely enough to enforce regulations. Attempts by governments to debase coins by increasing their nominal value therefore ‘worked’ only if they conformed to the market rates of these coins. Finally, high information costs prevented the creation of closed areas where the domestic currency enjoyed a monopoly. The resulting trade in coinage created incentives for governments to issue inferior copies of their neighbour’s coins – a practice that had the same consequences as a debasement – and forced the affected governments to follow suit by debasing their own coinage, too

Polymer Degradation and Stability

Pipes of random polypropylene was (PP-R) were hydrostatic pressure tested and the distribution of the primary stabiliser, Irganox 1010, was measured in the radial direction over the pipe wall by Infrared (IR) microscopy. Parabolic concentration profiles of the stabiliser develop during testing indicating a loss of stabiliser, at both the inner and outer pipe walls. Raising the temperature of the water bath leads to a uniformly accelerated loss of stabiliser. An increase of the hoop stress accelerates the stabiliser migration at the inner pipe wall. The concentrations of Irganox 1010 averaged over the pipe wall as determined by IR microscopy were in excellent agreement with those obtained from High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Oxidation Induction Time (OIT) analysis. Diffusion constants were calculated from the stabiliser concentration profiles based on the Fickian equations using appropriate initial and boundary conditions. A literature value is compared to these experimental results. The developed IR technique allows monitoring the stabiliser migration faster and more reproducibly than the conventional approach by manual abrasion of layers and measurement of the OIT. Additionally, this brings a tremendous improvement with regard to spatial resolution. As a result the impact of hoop stress and extrusion rate on the migration of stabiliser in PP-R pipes can be shown for the first time

Ageing study of different types of long-term pressure tested PE pipes by IR-microscopy

Although the lifetime of plastic pipes is commonly determined by hydrostatic pressure tests which measure the mechanical resistance, thermo-oxidative degradation plays an important role in practice. It is, therefore, an important question to monitor the elemental processes occurring during ageing of polymers, namely the loss of stabilising additives and the degradation of the polymer. The diffusion of the phenolic antioxidant AO-18, the processing stabiliser, and changes in polymer morphology during hydrostatic pressure testing, have been systematically studied for pipes made of PE 80 and PE 100 using infrared microscopy in a quantitative manner. For both materials a parabolic concentration profile of AO-18 develops over the pipe wall upon hydrostatic pressure testing. Under comparable conditions of testing the loss rate was larger for the PE 80 than for the PE 100. An annealing of the polymer occurs upon ageing with a similar increase in degree of crystallinity for bot h materials. However, the PE 100 has an overall higher level of crystallinity, and it may be speculated that this is one of the reasons for the slower loss of antioxidant. The results from IR-microscopy are in excellent agreement with analyses of samples taken over the pipe wall by oxidative induction time (OIT) and extraction HPLC. The conversion of the phosphite additive PS-2 to the corresponding phosphate as a result of oxidation has been quantitatively assessed. The total content of phosphate and phosphite was found to be constant, and almost no extraction is seen before 5000 h. GPC analysis of samples taken proves that no significant reduction in average molar mass of the polymer takes place