Cognitive schemas of women those have major depressive disorder comorbid with sexual trauma related PTSD

Objective: In this study, it has been aimed to evaluate the cognitive schemas of women those have major depressive disorder (MDD) comorbid sexual trauma related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and than to compare schemas of women those have MDD comorbid PTSD with schemas of women those have MDD without comorbid PTSD. Methods: Thirty-two women those met DSM IV-TR ciriterias for MDD comorbid with PTSD, and 30 women have MDD without comorbid PTSD participated the study. Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and Young Schema Questionnaire were used to assesment of the beliefs, attitudes and schemas of two groups. Results: Women those have MDD comorbid with PTSD had the significantly higher scores of authomatic thoughts and three early maladaptive schemas which were failure, vulnerability and subjugation as compared with women those have no PTSD comorbidity. Women with PTSD comorbidity have also higher rates of suicidal and self harm behaviors. Conclusion: Women those have MDD comorbid with sexual violence related PTSD had more negative beliefs, schemas and higher risk of suicidal and self harm behaviors in comparision with women those have MDD without PTSD. Clinicians should consider these results while they establish their treatment plans and case formulations

Development and validation of the Subjective Recovery Assessment Scale for patients with schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE Studies investigating the recovery from schizophrenia revealed two concepts of recovery; one is clinical recovery, and the other is personal or subjective recovery. Both states of recovery require specific assessment tools and therapeutic approaches. While current measures of clinical recovery can be used upon consensus all over the world, measures of subjective recovery which are based on cultural and individual values are yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Subjective Recovery Assessment Scale (SubRAS) for patients with schizophrenia. METHODS The SubRAS consisting of 17-item was prepared using related literature with focus group interviews. Internal consistency reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, and test–retest reliability was assessed. Exploratory factor analyses and correlations with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), The Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale (QLS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and Clinical Global Impression – Severity (CGI-S) were used to examine the factor-based validity and construct validity of the SubRAS. RESULTS The participants consisted of 127 patients with schizophrenia (n = 110) and schizoaffective disorder (n = 17), with 63.6% being male and a mean age of 41.2 years. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the scale was calculated as 0.98 while item-total score correlation coefficients were measured between 0.83 and 0.94. Test–retest reliability (r = .98) was very satisfactory. As for construct validity, a one-factor solution was obtained that could explain 83.0% of the variance. The scale showed a high correlation with the GAF (r = .82), the QLS (r = .76), PANSS (r = −.74), and CGI-S (r = −.74). CONCLUSIONS SubRAS is a valid and reliable instrument that can be utilized for patients with schizophrenia to assess their subjective recovery states. It is a culture-sensitive self-assessment instrument and easy to use for Turkish patients with schizophrenia