Cytokine response to PPD in infants vaccinated with BCG.

<p>IFN-γ and IL-13 production in response to tuberculin purified protein derivative of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> (PPD) by PBMC from 6 to 7 months old infants born to mothers infected (M+) or not (M−) with <i>T. cruzi</i>, and congenitally infected (B+) or not (B−), and having received at birth the BCG vaccine. PBMC were cultured during 6 days in the presence of 10 µg/mL PPD. Results of cytokines levels measured by ELISA are shown (individual results and geometric means). The proportions of responders (i.e. showing detectable levels of cytokines) are also shown. * : p<0.05 and ** : p = 0.006 compared with M−B− infants (Mann-Withney <i>U</i> test for means and Fisher test for proportions).</p

Production of IFN-γ and IL-13 in response to vaccinal antigens by PBMC from infants from mothers infected (M+) or not (M−),with <i>T. cruzi</i>, and congenitally infected (B+) or not (B−).

a<p>Arithmetic mean±SEM.</p

Levels of antibody IgG sub-classes against hepatitis B in vaccinated infants.

<p>Plasma levels of HbsAg-specific IgG sub-classes in 6 to 7 months old infants born to mothers infected (M+) or not (M−) with <i>T. cruzi</i>, and congenitally infected (B+) or not (B−), and vaccinated at 2, 4 and 6 months against hepatitis B. Results are displayed as box and whiskers (n = 6 M−B−, 13 M+B− and 9 M+B+). * : p<0.05 compared with infants from other groups (Man Withney <i>U</i> test).</p

Antibody levels against hepatitis B, diphtheria and tetanus vaccines in newborns and infants.

<p>Plasma levels of specific IgG in newborns and 6 to 7 months old infants born to mothers infected (M+) or not (M−) with <i>T. cruzi</i>, and congenitally infected (B+) or not (B−), and vaccinated at 2, 4 and 6 months against hepatitis B, diphtheria and tetanus. Results are shown as geometric means; extreme values are indicated, as well as the proportion of samples showing an antibody level above the indicated threshold of protection. * : p<0.05 (Mann Withney <i>U</i> test).</p

IFN-γ and IL-13 productions in response to SEB by blood mononuclear cells from newborns and infants.

<p>Newborns and 6 to 7 months-old infants were born either to <i>T. cruzi-</i>infected (M+) or not infected mothers (M−), and either congenitally infected (B+) or not (B−). Cells were cultured during 6 days in the presence of 10 ng/mL SEB (staphylococcal enterotoxin B). Results of cytokines levels measured by ELISA (individual results and geometric means) are shown. * : p<0.05 and ** : p<0.005 (Mann-Withney <i>U</i> test).</p

Anti-PT seroprevalence at T1 in all villages according to age category.

a<p>Chi-square test has been performed.</p>b<p>Kruskal-Wallis test between IgG responses according to the villages.</p>c<p>Mann-Whitney test has been performed for children of the same villages.</p

Flow of participants through the study.

<p>Flow of participants through the study.</p

Description of the cohort at the beginning of the survey (T1).

a<p>ANOVA test of age differences between children of all villages, and between ages of children of all villages according to their vaccination status.</p>b<p>Chi-square test to assess the gender distribution among villages and distribution of children within villages according to their vaccination status.</p><p>2 children were not vaccinated, one from Fanaye, and the other from Pendao.</p

Seroprevalence of anti-PT IgG concentrations according to the village and visit for children younger (panel A) and older than 3 years (panel B).

<p>Chi-square test between seropositive children (anti-PT IgG concentration >30 IU/ml) and seronegative children at each visit within villages: panel A.: Agniam, <b>p = 0.3588</b>; Fanaye, p = 0.5227; Niandane, p = 0.4056; Pendao, p = 0.4276; Guédé, p = 0.9928; panel B.: Agniam, <b>p<0.0008</b>; Fanaye, p = 0.7641; Niandane, p = 0.2280; Pendao, p = 0.3292; Guédé, p = 0.1754.</p

PT-IgG >30 IU/ml at T1 according to age categories and villages.

<p>Percentages of children with PT-IgG >30 IU/ml at the first visit in every village.</p><p>Total number of children within age category is in brackets.</p