IgG Ab response to Nterm-34kDa salivary peptide from individuals exposed to <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> bites, after vector control implementation and according to the initial level.

<p>IgG Ab response before and after vector control was presented for “lower responders” (3A), “medium responders” (3B) and “higher responders” (3C) groups defined according to tertile values of individual ΔOD before vector control (= initial level). Statistical differences of the level of IgG response between two time-points are indicated by P-values estimated by a Wilconxon matched pair test. Vertical solid grey line indicates timing of VCI.</p

Median of IgG Ab response to Nterm-34kDa salivary peptide from individuals exposed to <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> bites according to adult mosquito density.

<p>Evolution of IgG Ab response to Nterm-34kDa salivary peptide (median values) is represented (dotted grey line with circle) with the average density of <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> adult population as estimated every two days during the follow-up (solid black line with circles). The timing of vector control implementation (vertical solid grey line) is represented.</p

IgG Ab response to <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> Nterm-34kDa salivary peptide in individuals exposed to <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> bites at La Reunion Island and in non-exposed individuals.

<p>Black points indicate individual IgG response (ΔOD) and bars represent the median value in each group. Dotted line represents the cut-off of specific Ab response (ΔOD>0.181) and p-value was calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test.</p

IgG Ab response to Nterm-34kDa salivary peptide from individuals exposed to <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> bites before and after vector control implementation.

<p>Individual IgG Ab response (ΔOD) is presented just before (T0) and then 15, 30 and 45 days after vector control implementation. Bars indicated the median value in the population at each time point and dotted line represents the cut-off of immune response. P-values indicating differences in IgG response level at the overall time points (Kruskal-Wallis test) or between two different time points (Wilconxon matched pair test) are presented. Vertical solid grey line indicates timing of VCI.</p

Human IgG Antibody Response to <i>Aedes</i> Nterm-34kDa Salivary Peptide, an Epidemiological Tool to Assess Vector Control in Chikungunya and Dengue Transmission Area

<div><p>Background</p><p>Arboviral diseases are an important public health concerns. Vector control remains the sole strategy to fight against these diseases. Because of the important limits of methods currently used to assess human exposure to <i>Aedes</i> mosquito bites, much effort is being devoted to develop new indicators. Recent studies have reported that human antibody (Ab) responses to <i>Aedes aegypti</i> Nterm-34kDa salivary peptide represent a promising biomarker tool to evaluate the human-<i>Aedes</i> contact. The present study aims investigate whether such biomarker could be used for assessing the efficacy of vector control against <i>Aedes</i>.</p><p>Methodology/Principal findings</p><p>Specific human IgG response to the Nterm-34kDa peptide was assessed from 102 individuals living in urban area of Saint-Denis at La Reunion Island, Indian Ocean, before and after the implementation of vector control against <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes. IgG response decreased after 2 weeks (P < 0.0001), and remained low for 4 weeks post-intervention (P = 0.0002). The specific IgG decrease was associated with the decline of <i>Aedes</i> mosquito density, as estimated by entomological parameters and closely correlated to vector control implementation and was not associated with the use of individual protection, daily commuting outside of the house, sex and age. Our findings indicate a probable short-term decrease of human exposure to <i>Aedes</i> bites just after vector control implementation.</p><p>Conclusion/Significance</p><p>Results provided in the present study indicate that IgG Ab response to <i>Aedes aegypti</i> Nterm-34kDa salivary peptide could be a relevant short-time indicator for evaluating the efficacy of vector control interventions against <i>Aedes</i> species.</p></div

Anti-Tsgf1_18–43 IgG levels in HAT patients and uninfected controls.

<p>This analysis only includes the plasma samples collected in the Guinean HAT foci. Thirty six samples were from parasitologically confirmed HAT patients and 44 were from uninfected controls from the same villages. The Mann Whitney test was used to compare Tsgf1_18–43 specific IgG levels between the two groups. The horizontal bars in the graph represent the median of ΔDO values for each group. Asterisks “*” above the dot plots indicate that some values were higher than 0.8 in the patient group (4.11, 3.10, 1.85, 1.21, 1.14) and control group (4.06). The p-value of Mann Whitney U nonparametric test for the comparison between the two groups is given above the plot.</p

Predicted antigenic peptides within the <i>Glossina morsitans morsitans</i> Ada, Tsgf1 and Ag5 salivary proteins.

<p>All peptides that were identified by at least three out of four epitope prediction servers (NETSurfP, ABCpred, Bcepred and Proped-2) are listed for each protein. Within peptide sequences, amino acids forming the linear epitope are bolded. Each peptide was then blasted on all non-redundant Genbank CDS databases. Blast E-value for <i>G. morsitans morsitans</i> and the best match species are indicated. For each protein, the candidate peptide selected for biological validation is underlined.</p

Tsgf1_18–43 and Ada_188–213 IgG responses in plasma samples from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas.

<p>IgG levels to Tsgf1_18–43 (A) and Ada_188–213 (B) were assessed by indirect ELISA in different study population from tsetse infested areas (Guinea; n = 80 and Batié; n = 10) and tsetse free areas (Bobo-Dioulasso; n = 17; South Benin; n = 31, and Bordeaux; n = 22). Asterisks “*” above the dot plots indicate that some values were higher than 0.65 for <b>A</b> (1.14, 1.21, 1.86, 3.10, 4.06 and 4.11) and higher than 1 for <b>B</b> (2.45). The horizontal bars in the graph represent the median of ΔDO values for each group.</p

Characteristics of the studied population during the peak of the dry (February) and the rainy (July) seasons in the years 2008 and 2009.

*<p>The mean age of children and range are expressed in months.</p

Evolution of IgG antibody response to Nterm-34 kDa peptide and rainfall during the studied period.

<p>The evolution of specific IgG level in children and the accumulated rainfall in the studied area are presented for each studied period in 2008 and 2009. Black points indicate individual IgG response (ΔDO) of each child of the studied population. Bars indicate median value in each studied period and dotted line represent the threshold (TR) of specific Ab response (ΔDO>0.151). Statistical significant difference between medians is indicated (non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test). Rainfalls are presented for each month from February 2008 to October 2009 and were acquired using the GES-DISC Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure (Giovanni) as part of the NASA's Goddard Earth Sciences (GES). Data and Information Services Center (DISC). <a href="http://disc2.nascom.nasa.gov/Giovanni/tovas/TRMM" target="_blank">http://disc2.nascom.nasa.gov/Giovanni/tovas/TRMM</a>).</p