1990 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act Compliance Monitoring Report

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) mandates removal of status offenders and nonoffenders from secure detention and correctional facilities, sight and sound separation of juveniles and adults, and removal of juveniles from adult jails and lockups. In Alaska, no instances of a status offender held in secure detention were recorded in 1990, as compared with 485 violations in the baseline year of 1976. 135 separation violations were recorded in 1990, representing an 84% reduction from the 1976 baseline and 60% from 1989. 99 jail removal violations occurred, representing a 89% reduction from the 1980 baseline and an 60% reduction from 1989.Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Family and Youth ServicesA. General Information / B. Removal of Status Offenders and Nonoffenders from Secure Detention and Correctional Facilities / C. De Minimis Request / D. Progress Made in Achieving Removal of Status Offenders and Nonoffenders from Secure Detention and Correctional Facilities / E. Separation of Juveniles and Adults / F. Removal of Juveniles from Adult Jails and Lockups / G. De Minimis Request: Numerical / H. De Minimis Request: Substantive / APPENDICES / I. Method of Analysis / II. Common Offense Acronyms and 1990 Jail Removal Violations by Offense Type and Locatio

1989 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act Compliance Monitoring Report

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) mandates removal of status offenders and nonoffenders from secure detention and correctional facilities, sight and sound separation of juveniles and adults, and removal of juveniles from adult jails and lockups. In Alaska, two instances of a status offender held in secure detention were recorded in 1989; but both satisfied the "valid court order" exception, so were not counted as violations; by comparison, there were 485 violations in the baseline year of 1976. 336 separation violations were recorded in 1989, representing a 60% reduction from the 1976 baseline and 41% from 1988. 249 jail removal violations occurred, representing a 71% reduction from the 1980 baseline and an 39% reduction from 1988.Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Family and Youth ServicesA. General Information / B. Removal of Status Offenders and Nonoffenders from Secure Detention and Correctional Facilities / C. De Minimis Request / D. Progress Made in Achieving Removal of Status Offenders and Nonoffenders from Secure Detention and Correctional Facilities / E. Separation of Juveniles and Adults / F. Removal of Juveniles from Adult Jails and Lockups / G. De Minimis Request: Numerical / H. De Minimis Request: Substantive / APPENDICES / I. Method of Analysis / II. 1989 Jail Removal Violations by Offense Type and Location / Letter of correctio

Alaska as a Case Study of OJJDP-Mandated Jail Monitoring

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency prevention has mandated that all states monitor jail records for the presence of juveniles and inspect jails and lock-ups in which juveniles might be detained for sight and sound separation. The experience of Alaska in complying with this mandate is instructive. In the largest state in the union 99 facilities in a monitoring universe of 111 (89.1 %) are accessible only by air or water. Alaska's jail monitoring plan accommodated this inaccessibility. The plan and 1989 monitoring activities are explained and discussed. As the largest state in the Union Alaska has had some unique problems complying with the mandate of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act to monitor secure facilities for the presence of juveniles. In spite of these problems Alaska has produced a model monitoring plan and has successfully completed three years of compliance monitoring activities. The monitoring process and the problems associated with monitoring activities are useful for other states to consider as they review their monitoring plans.Abstract / Introduction / Jail Monitoring in Alaska / Special Problems / Discussion / References / FIGURES / Figure 1. Monitoring Universe — Secure Facilities / Figure 2. The North Slope Borough / Figure 3. JJDP Violations — 198

DIABETES AND TECHNOLOGY FOR INCREASED ACTIVITY (DaTA)

Physical inactivity is a primary target for prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Rural Canadians are at increased risk of metabolic syndrome - a clustering of risk factors preceding these conditions. This study investigated feasibility and effectiveness of a stage-matched physical activity intervention using novel self­ monitoring technologies in rural adults with metabolic syndrome. Adherence to self­ monitoring protocols was \u3e94%. Stage of change increased by 1 stage (p=0.001). Physical activity increased from 5579 ± 1964 steps/day at week 1 to 7818 ± 4235 steps/day at week 8 (p=0.02). V02max increased by 17% (p\u3c0.05). BMI decreased from 33.1 to 32.7 (p=0.016). Participants were comfortable using the technology, found it easy- to-use, of low burden, and perceived it positively. This pilot study shows that this stage- matched technology intervention for increased physical activity was feasible and effective in high-risk adults in rural Ontario

Nurses\u27 Workplace Social Capital: Development and Validation of a Self-report Questionnaire

Background: Social capital refers to resources created by and embedded in social relationships and has been identified as an important aspect of nurses’ work life. There is limited empirical evidence regarding its role and currently no valid and reliable self-report instruments to measure workplace social capital comprehensively. Purpose: This study aimed to develop and test a self-report questionnaire to measure nurses’ workplace social capital and examine the nomologicial network of the concept including authentic leadership and structural empowerment as precursors of social capital and team effectiveness and patient care quality as outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1,000 Registered Nurses from Ontario was conducted. Eligible participants were mailed a letter of information, study questionnaire, and a return envelope, and a link to an online survey option. Non-responders received a reminder letter four weeks later and a second survey eight weeks later. Descriptive statistics were conducted using SPSS. Structural equation modeling in Mplus was used to test the new measure and the hypothesized model. Results: The final measurement model for the questionnaire had an adequate fit: χ²(544) = 1043.237, p = .000; TLI = .871; RMSEA = .063; SRMR = .066. Item factor loadings were generally high (\u3e.70) but ranged from .36 to .94. Reliability estimates were high overall. The hypothesized model had an acceptable fit: χ²(219) = 420.617, p = .000; CFI = .923; TLI = .911; RMSEA = .066 (.056-.075); SRMR = .072. Adding a direct path between social capital and quality of care improved the model fit: χ²(218) = 405.884, p = .000; CFI = .928; TLI = .916; RMSEA = .063 (.054-.073) ; SRMR = .067. All hypothesized relationships were significant except for the direct path between authentic leadership and social capital. Conclusions: Findings provide initial support for the new measure of nurses’ workplace social capital. Authentic leaders play an integral role in cultivating nurses’ workplace social capital by establishing empowering working conditions that promote positive relationships and cooperation, creating value for nurses, patients, and organizations

Pathways from fertility history to later life health: results from analyses of the English study of ageing

Background: Previous research shows associations between fertility histories and later life health. The childless, those with large families, and those with a young age at entry to parenthood generally have higher mortality and worse health than parents of two or three children. These associations are hypothesised to reflect a range of biosocial influences but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Objectives: To identify pathways from fertility histories to later life health by examining mediation through health related behaviours, social support and strain, and wealth. Additionally to examine mediation through allostatic load –an indicator of multisystem physical dysregulation hypothesised to be an outcome of chronic stress. Methods: Associations between fertility histories, mediators and outcomes were analysed using path models. Data were drawn from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Outcomes studied were a measure of allostatic load based on 9 biomarkers and self-reported long-term illness which limited activities. Results: Early parenthood (<20 for women, <23 for men) was positively associated with higher (worse) allostatic load and long-term illness. These associations were partly mediated through wealth, smoking, and physical activity. Wealth, smoking, physical activity and and social strain also mediated associations between larger family size, itself associated with early parenthood, and health outcomes. We found no significant associations between childlessness and allostatic load or long-term illness except for an assocaition between childlessness and long-term illness among women in models adjusted only for age. Conclusions: In England early parenthood and larger family size are associated with less wealth and poorer health behaviours and this accounts for much of the association with health. At least part of this operates through stress related physiological dysfunction (allostatic load)

Socioeconomic position and subjective health and well-being among older people in Europe

Poorer people are more likely to have a poorer health. Socioeconomic inequality in health extends worldwide and remains persistent in Europe despite increases in wealth, educational attainment, proportions of working in non-manual jobs, and expenditure on health services. All age groups are affected. We reviewed the evidence on health inequalities in Europe, focusing on older people, a group which is growing fast and is vulnerable to adverse socioeconomic circumstances

Socio-economic position and subjective health and well-being among older people in Europe: a systematic narrative review

Objectives: Previous studies of older European populations have established that disability and morbidity vary with indicators of socio-economic position (SEP). We undertook a systematic narrative review of the literature to ascertain to what extent there is evidence of similar inequalities in the subjective health and well-being of older people in Europe. Method: Relevant original research articles were searched for using Medline, Global Health, Embase, Social Policy and Practice, Cinahl, Web of Science and IBSS. We included studies of SEP and indicators of subjective health and well-being (self-rated health; life satisfaction; quality of life) conducted since 1991 using population based samples of older people in Europe and published 1995-2013. Results: A total of 71 studies were identified. Poorer SEP was associated with poorer subjective health and well-being. Associations varied somewhat depending on the SEP measure and subjective health and well-being outcome used. Associations were weaker when social support and health related behaviours were adjusted for suggesting that these factors mediate the relationship between SEP and subjective health and well-being. Associations tended to be weaker in the oldest age groups. The patterns of associations by gender were not consistent and tended to diminish after adjusting for indicators of health and life circumstances. Conclusion: The results of this systematic narrative review of the literature demonstrate the importance of social influences on later life subjective health and well-being and indicate areas which need further investigation, such as more studies from Eastern Europe, more longitudinal studies and more research on the role of mediating factors

Fertility history, health, and health changes in later life: a panel study of British women and men born 1923-49.

We investigated associations between later-life health and fertility history for women and men, using the British Household Panel Survey. We modelled health and its rate of change jointly with sample retention over an 11-year period. For women, childlessness is associated with limitation of activity for health reasons and faster acquisition of the limitation. High parity (four or more children) is associated with poorer health for both women and men. For the parous, this association is also found when age at first birth is controlled. Early parenthood is associated with poorer health. For parents of two or more children, a birth interval of less than 18 months is associated with having a health limitation and an accelerated rate of acquiring it. We conclude that biosocial pathways link parenthood careers and the later-life health of both women and men, and that implications of closely spaced births for parents merit further attention

Axial length changes during accommodation in myopes and emmetropes

Purpose: To investigate the influence of accommodation upon axial length (and a comprehensive range of ocular biometric parameters), in populations of young adult myopic and emmetropic subjects. Methods: Forty young adult subjects had ocular biometry measured utilizing a non-contact optical biometer (Lenstar LS 900) based upon the principle of optical low coherence reflectometry, under three different accommodation demands (0 D, 3 D and 6 D). Subjects were classified as emmetropes (n=19) or myopes (n=21) based upon their spherical equivalent refraction (mean emmetropic refraction -0.05 ± 0.27DS and mean myopic refraction -1.82 ± 0.84 DS). Results: Axial length changed significantly with accommodation, with a mean increase of 11.9 ± 12.3 µm and 24.1 ± 22.7 µm for the 3 D and 6 D accommodation stimuli respectively. A significant axial elongation associated with accommodation was still evident even following correction of the axial length data for potential error due to lens thickness change. The mean ‘corrected’ increase in axial length was 5.2 ± 11.2 µm, and 7.4 ± 18.9 µm for the 3 D and 6 D stimuli respectively. There was no significant difference between the myopic and emmetropic populations in terms of the magnitude of change in axial length with accommodation, regardless of whether the data were corrected or not. A number of other ocular biometric parameters, such as anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and vitreous chamber depth also exhibited significant change with accommodation. The myopic and emmetropic populations also exhibited no significant difference in the magnitude of change in these parameters with accommodation. Conclusions: The eye undergoes a significant axial elongation associated with a brief period of accommodation, and the magnitude of this change in eye length increases for larger accommodation demands, however there is no significant difference in the magnitude of eye elongation in myopic and emmetropic subjects