How High is Hispanic/Mexican Fertility in the U.S.? Immigration and Tempo Considerations

This paper demonstrates that the apparently much higher Hispanic/Mexican fertility is almost exclusively the product of period estimates obtained for immigrant women and that period measures of immigrant fertility suffer from 3 serious sources of biases that together significantly overstate fertility levels: difficulties in estimating the size of immigrant groups; the tendency for migration to occur at a particular stage in life; and most importantly the tendency for women to have a birth soon after migration. Once these sources of bias are taken into consideration the fertility of native Hispanic/Mexican women is very close to replacement level. In addition, the completed fertility of immigrant women in the United States is dramatically lower than the level obtained from period calculations. Findings are consistent with classical theories of immigrant assimilation but are a striking departure from the patterns found in previous studies and published statistics. The main implication is that, without a significant change in immigration levels, current projections based on the premise of high Hispanic fertility are likely to considerably exaggerate Hispanic population growth, its impact on the ethno-racial profile of the country, and its potential to counteract population aging

The Labor Force Trajectories of Immigrant Women: Intersecting Personal Characteristics and Migration Dynamics

While research on immigrant women’s labor market incorporation has increased in recent years, systematic comparisons of employment trajectories by national origin and over time remain rare, and the literature remains dominated by the male experience. Especially lacking are studies that take both individual factors and larger migration dynamics into account, limiting our understanding of women’s contributions to the economic well-being of immigrant families, and of the process of incorporation more broadly. Using U.S. Census and ACS data from 1990 to 2016, we construct synthetic cohorts by national origin, period, and age at arrival to track their labor force participation over time. We construct a typology of national origin trajectories and then model them adjusting for individual characteristics and gendered dynamics of migration flows, namely the sex ratio, share of women arriving single, and share of men arriving with a college education. Results indicate that immigrant women tend to gradually join the workforce over time, though with significant variation in starting levels and growth rates. Cohorts from Mexico, Central America, and South America exhibited a delayed pattern of incorporation (though Mexican women start at lower levels than others), while women from India, Korea and other Asian countries followed an accelerated incorporation trajectory from very low starting rates. Those from Europe, Africa, China, Vietnam, and Canada showed gradual incorporation while Filipinas and Caribbeans exhibited continuous, intensive employment. We show that historically produced gendered dynamics of migration flows explain a substantial share of national origin variation in workforce incorporation

An Application of SVM to Lost Packets Reconstruction in Voice-Enabled Services

Voice over IP (VoIP) is becoming very popular due to the huge range of services that can be implemented by integrating different media (voice, audio, data, etc.). Besides, voice-enabled interfaces for those services are being very actively researched. Nevertheless the impoverishment of voice quality due to packet losses severely affects the speech recognizers supporting those interfaces ([8]). In this paper, we have compared the usual lost packets reconstruction method with an SVM-based one that outperforms previous results

Hispanic Familism Reconsidered

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/93710/1/tsq1252.pd

The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment in Argentina: The Mediating Role of the Public vs. Private Sectors

This study examines the COVID-19 pandemic’s immediate and long-term impact on Argentina’s labor market with a focus on gender disparities and the mediating role of the public vs. private sectors. Using household survey data, we assess men and women’s employment trends before, during, and after the pandemic. Our findings reveal gender-specific recovery patterns that interact with the employment sector. The most prominent short-term effect of the pandemic was a dramatic increase in inactivity for both men and women. However, men recovered their level of labor force participation sooner than women, and one of the mechanisms behind this disparity was sector employment. While men predominantly benefitted from quicker reintegration in both the formal and informal private sectors, women leaned toward the public sector for stability during and after the pandemic. The heightened feminization of public sector employment is a further indication that the sector is critical for sustaining women’s employment and promoting gender equity in the labor market

Community attachment, neighborhood context, and sex worker use among Hispanic migrants in Durham, North Carolina, USA

We build on social disorganization theory to formulate and test a hierarchical model of sex worker use among male Hispanic immigrants in the Durham, North Carolina area. The study considers both individual and neighborhood level dimensions of community organization as central factors affecting immigrants' exposure to sexual risks. At the individual level, we find support for the systemic model of community attachment, as time in the U.S. affects sex worker use, although the pattern is non-linear. At the neighborhood level we find that structural social disorganization, external social disorganization (or broken windows), and collective efficacy all correlate with sex worker use in the expected direction. In addition, we extend power-control theory to the community level to show that neighborhood gender imbalances are a central dimension of migrant men's heightened sex worker use, a factor not systematically considered in research on neighborhoods and health. When taken together, collective efficacy and gender imbalances stand out as central mediators between other dimensions of social disorder and sex worker use. Overall, we stress the importance of considering the neighborhood context of reception as an added dimension for understanding and improving immigrant health.U.S. STD/HIV risks Migration Social disorganization Neighborhoods and health Hispanics USA Gender

Use of Commercial Sex Workers Among Hispanic Migrants in North Carolina: Implications for the Spread of HIV

Rates of HIV and AIDS have risen among U.S. Hispanics and in migrant-sending regions of Mexico and Central America, pointing to a link between migration and HIV. However, little is known about male migrants' sexual risk behaviors, such as the use of commercial sex workers. The prevalence and frequency of commercial sex worker use was examined among 442 randomly selected Hispanic migrants in Durham, North Carolina. Logistic and Poisson regression techniques were used to model predictors of commercial sex worker use, and descriptive data on condom use with commercial sex workers were examined. Twenty-eight percent of respondents reported using the services of a commercial sex worker during the previous year; rates reached 46% among single men and 40% among married men living apart from their wives. Men with spouses in Durham were less likely than other men to use commercial sex workers (odds ratio, 0.1). Among men who used commercial sex workers, the frequency of visits declined with greater education (incidence rate ratio, 0.9) and increased with hourly wage (1.1). Frequency and use declined with years of residence, although the results were of borderline significance. Reported rates of condom use with commercial sex workers were high, but were likely to fall if familiarity with a commercial sex worker increased. Commercial sex workers represent an important potential source of HIV infection. Educational and behavioral interventions that take into account social context and target the most vulnerable migrants are needed to help migrants and their partners avoid HIV infection

La centralidad del Estado en la crisis de las democracias liberales

Artículo origina

Globalization and the transition to adulthood in Mexico

'This contribution to the first GLOBALIFE workshop (2001) examines the impact of globalization on women's transition to adulthood in Mexico. The analysis draws on longitudinal data from the 1998 National Retrospective Demographic Survey (EDER) to examine changes in patterns of labor market entry, first occupation, union formation, and first childbearing across three cohorts of Mexican women. The results demonstrate the importance of financial crises and foreign capital investment to married women's labor market entry and first occupation. Economic instability motivates married women to enter the labor market in order to protect against breadwinner unemployment and declining household incomes. Increased labor force participation over time has come at the cost of deteriorating employment conditions among women, as members of the younger cohort require higher levels of education to achieve the same occupational status as earlier generations of women. The impact of increasing foreign capital investments in Mexico is also felt in the growing importance of manufacturing employment among women. Financial crises and cohort membership have surprisingly little impact of union formation and first childbearing, however. This suggests the ongoing importance of the family as an institution of social support and the strong value placed on family formation. In the face of economic adversity, young Mexican couples engage in various strategies to achieve their family goals, including increased female labor force participation. Unlike the youth in many developed nations discussed in this volume, they do not, however, delay union formation or childbearing in response to uncertainty.' (author's abstract)Dieser Beitrag zum ersten GLOBALIFE-Workshop (2001) ueberprueft die Auswirkungen von Globalisierung auf den Uebergang von jungen Frauen ins Erwachsenenalter in Mexiko. Die Analyse basiert auf Langzeitdaten des 'National Retrospective Demographic Survey' (EDER) von 1998, um Veraenderungen in den Patterns des Eintrittes in den Arbeitsmarkt, des ersten Beschaeftigungsverhaeltnisses, der Partnerschaftsbildung und der ersten Mutterschaft ueber drei Kohorten mexikanischer Frauen zu ueberpruefen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Bedeutung der Finanzkrisen und auslaendischer Investitionen fuer den Eintritt verheirateter Frauen in den Arbeitsmarkt und die erste Beschaeftigung. Wirtschaftliche Instabilitaet motiviert verheiratete Frauen zum Eintritt in den Arbeitsmarkt, um sich so gegen die Arbeitslosigkeit der traditionellen Hauptverdiener und das sinkende Haushaltseinkommen zu schuetzen. Die ueber laengere Zeit erhoehte Partizipation am Arbeitsmarkt fuehrt zu einer Verschlechterung der Arbeitsbedingungen fuer Frauen - so benoetigen Mitglieder der juengeren Kohorte beispielsweise ein hoeheres Ausbildungsniveau, um den gleichen beruflichen Status wie fruehere Frauengenerationen zu erzielen. Die Auswirkung erhoehter auslaendischer Investitionen in Mexiko wird auch in Zusammenhang mit der Beschaeftigung von Frauen in der verarbeitenden Industrie gesehen. Finanzkrisen und Kohortenmitgliedschaft haben ueberraschend wenig Auswirkung auf Partnerschaftsbildung und Mutterschaft. Dies laesst vermuten, dass die Bedeutung von Familie als Institution sozialer Unterstuetzung und die Werte in Zusammenhang mit Familiengruendung nach wie vor fortbestehen. (ICDUebers)German title: Globalisierung und der Uebergang ins Erwachsenenalter in MexikoAvailable from http://alia.soziologie.uni-bielefeld.de/ / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman