Epidemiology of Otitis Media with Spontaneous Perforation of the Tympanic Membrane in Young Children and Association with Bacterial Nasopharyngeal Carriage, Recurrences and Pneumococcal Vaccination in Catalonia, Spain - The Prospective HERMES Study

<div><p>The Epidemiology of otitis media with spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane and associated nasopharyngeal carriage of bacterial otopathogens was analysed in a county in Catalonia (Spain) with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) not included in the immunization programme at study time. A prospective, multicentre study was performed in 10 primary care centres and 2 hospitals (June 2011-June 2014), including all otherwise healthy children ≥2 months ≤8 years with otitis media presenting spontaneous tympanic perforation within 48h. Up to 521 otitis episodes in 487 children were included, showing by culture/PCR in middle ear fluid (MEF): <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> [24.2%], both <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and <i>H</i>. <i>influenzae</i> [24.0%], <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> [15.9%], <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> [13.6%], and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> [6.7%]. Culture-negative/PCR-positive otitis accounted for 31.3% (<i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i>), 30.2% (<i>H</i>. <i>influenzae</i>) and 89.6% (mixed <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae/H</i>. <i>influenzae</i> infections). Overall, incidence decreased over the 3-year study period, with significant decreases in otitis by <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> and by <i>H</i>. <i>influenzae</i>, but no decreases for mixed <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae/H</i>. <i>influenzae</i> infections. Concordance between species in nasopharynx and MEF was found in 58.3% of cases, with maximal rates for <i>S</i>. <i>pyogenes</i> (71.8%), and with identical pneumococcal serotype in 40.5% of cases. Most patients (66.6%) had past episodes. PCV13 serotypes were significantly more frequent in first episodes, in otitis by <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> as single agent, and among MEF than nasopharyngeal isolates. All non-PCV13 serotypes separately accounted for <5% in MEF. Up to 73.9% children had received ≥1 dose of PCV, with lower carriage of PCV13 serotypes than among non-vaccinated children. Pooling pneumococcal isolates from MEF and nasopharynx, 30% were multidrug resistant, primarily belonging to serotypes 19A [29.8%], 24A [14.3%], 19F [8.3%] and 15A [6.0%]. Our results suggest that increasing PCV13 vaccination would further reduce transmission of PCV13 serotypes with special benefits for youngest children (with none or uncompleted vaccine schedules), preventing first otitis episodes and subsequent recurrences.</p></div

Incidence rates (no. cases/100,000 inhabitants aged ≥2 months–<8 years old in the Vallés Occidental, Catalonia, Spain, and incidence rate ratios (IRR) of OM caused by the indicated microorganisms.

<p>Incidence rates (no. cases/100,000 inhabitants aged ≥2 months–<8 years old in the Vallés Occidental, Catalonia, Spain, and incidence rate ratios (IRR) of OM caused by the indicated microorganisms.</p

Previous history of otitis and clinical data of children included in the study distributed by isolates from middle ear fluid.

<p>Previous history of otitis and clinical data of children included in the study distributed by isolates from middle ear fluid.</p

Data on previous pneumococcal vaccination of children included in the study distributed by isolates from middle ear fluid.

<p>Data on previous pneumococcal vaccination of children included in the study distributed by isolates from middle ear fluid.</p

Serotypes identified in middle ear fluid and in nasopharynx among typed pneumococci (PCV7 serotypes: black columns; 6 newly added serotypes in PCV13: white columns; non-PCV13 serotypes: striped columns).

<p>Serotypes identified in middle ear fluid and in nasopharynx among typed pneumococci (PCV7 serotypes: black columns; 6 newly added serotypes in PCV13: white columns; non-PCV13 serotypes: striped columns).</p

Isolation rates of otopathogens in middle ear fluid (MEF) and nasopharyngeal cultures.

<p>Isolation rates of otopathogens in middle ear fluid (MEF) and nasopharyngeal cultures.</p