Effect of Crude Palm Oil as Plasticizer on the Mechanical and Morphology Properties of Low Density Polyethylene Blown Film.

This paper presents a study on the mechanical and morphology properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) blown film modified with crude palm oil (CPO). The effect of the crude palm oil as plasticiser on LDPE matrix has been studied. The LDPE were compounded with 1%, 3% and 5% of crude palm oil in a co–rotating twin screw extruder and pelletised. The blends were processed using blow thin film machine. The results on tensile properties were showed the gradual enhanced the elongation at break about 79% to 90% in machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD) and gradually decreased the tensile strength about 9%. The rupture properties of LDPE modified with CPO showed the decrement pattern due to the plastisticisation effect. The fracture mechanism of modified LDPE was also investigated from scanning electron microscope micrographs which clearly indicated the orientation strengthening consistently with the result in mechanical properties. From Fourier transmission infra–red (FTIR) spectras, the presence of CPO showed the addition peak in 1,745 to 1,747 cm−1 region indicated the physical interaction between molecular of polyolefins and CPO. These observations have important implication as an alternative environmental friendly plasticiser based from renewable resources for polymeric materials

Synthesis and Characterization UV-Curable Waterborne Polyurethane Acrylate/Al₂O₃ Nanocomposite Coatings Derived from Jatropha Oil Polyol

A new UV-curable waterborne polyurethane acrylate/alumina (UV-WPUA/Al₂O₃) coatings were successfully developed. The waterborne polyurethane acrylate (WPUA) dispersion was synthesized by reacting jatropha oil polyol (JOL) with isochrone diisocyanate (IPDI), 2,2-dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) via in-situ and anionic self-emulsifying methods. The WPUA/Al₂O₃ dispersion was formulated by various sonicating concentrations of alumina nanoparticles (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 wt%) into WPUA dispersion. The UVWPUA/Al₂O₃ coatings were obtained with 75 wt% oligomers, 25 wt% monomer trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), and 3 wt% of a commercial photo initiator (benzhophenol) for UV-curing were used. The effect of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles on WPUA coatings was analyzed by FTIR, surface morphology, and coating performance properties such as pendulum hardness, pencil hardness, scratch resistance, and adhesion test. FTIR revealed the formation of JOL, neat UV-WPUA, and UV-WPUA/Al₂O₃ coatings, respectively. FESEM/EDX demonstrated that Al₂O₃ nanoparticles at the lower loading (up to 0.6 wt%) were well-dispersed correlated with contact angle (CA). The hardness property can reach 63.4% at the lower concentration of the Al₂O₃ addition 0.6 wt%. The adhesive strength, scratch hardness, and scratch resistance were greatly improved to 5B, 5H, and 2N, respectively. The preparation method offered in this study is an effective and convenient approach to producing UV-WPUA/Al₂O₃ coatings. The enhancement of the properties with the lesser concentration of Al₂O3 nanoparticles (≤ 0.6 wt%) addition in this study shows a new promising potential as surface coating application for several major industrial areas, such as marine, transportation, and biomedical field with major economic and environmental benefits

Colloidal stability and rheology of jatropha oil-based waterborne polyurethane (JPU) dispersion

Jatropha oil-based waterborne polyurethane (JPU) dispersions were produced by polymerising the jatropha oil-based polyols (JOLs) with isophrene diisocyanate (IPDI) and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA). The colloidal stability of the resulting JPU dispersions were studied by particle size analysis and rheology measurements. Inclusion of up to 5.4 wt.% of DMPA as an internal emulsifier produced a wide range of particle sizes from 84 nm to 825 nm. The dispersions have a solid content of 24.2–26.9 wt.% with a relatively low viscosity in the range 6.2–60.2 mPa s. The JPU dispersions exhibited the typical flow behaviour of the commercial polyurethane dispersions, ranging from almost Newtonian to a shear thinning fluid, and the experimental data correlated well with the Cross model. The samples were stable after 18 months of storage under room conditions

Physico-chemical characterisation of epoxy acrylate resin from jatropha seed oil

Purpose: This paper aims to demonstrate the synthesis of polyesterification reaction of non-edible jatropha seed oil (JO) and acrylic acid, which leads to the production of acrylated epoxidised-based resin. To understand the physico-chemical characteristics when synthesis the JO-based epoxy acrylate, the effect of temperature on the reaction, concentration of acrylic acid and role of catalyst on reaction time and acid value were studied. Design/methodology/approach: First, the double bond in JO was functionalised by epoxidation using the solvent-free performic method. The subsequent process was acrylation with acrylic acid using the base catalyst triethylamine and 4-methoxyphenol as an inhibitor respectively. The physico-chemical characteristics during the synthesis of the epoxy acrylate such as acid value was monitored and analysed. The formation of the epoxy and acrylate group was confirmed by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Findings: The optimum reaction condition was achieved at a ratio of epoxidised JO to acrylic acid of 1:1.5 and the reaction temperature of 110°C. This was indicated by the acid value reduction from 86 to 15 mg KOH/g sample at 6 hours. Practical implications: The JO-based epoxy acrylate synthesised has a potential to be used in formulations the prepolymer resin for UV curable coating applications. The JO which is from natural resources and is sustainable raw materials that possible reduce the dependency on petroleum-based coating. Originality/value: The epoxidised jatropha seed oil epoxy acrylate was synthesised, as a new type of oligomer resin that contains a reactive acrylate group, which can be alternative to petroleum-based coating and can used further in the formulation of the radiation curable coating

Chemical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersion Derived from Jatropha Oil

Nowadays, there is a significant trend away from solvent-based polyurethane systems towards waterborne polyurethane dispersions due to government regulations requiring manufacturers to lower total volatile organic compounds, as well as consumer preference for more environmentally friendly products. In this work, a renewable vegetable oil-based polyol derived from jatropha oil was polymerized with isophorone diisocyanate and dimethylol propionic acid to produce anionic waterborne polyurethane dispersion. Free standing films with up to 62 wt.% bio-based content were successfully produced after evaporation of water from the jatropha oil-based waterborne polyurethane (JPU) dispersion, which indicated good film formation. The chemical and thermomechanical properties of the JPU films were characterized. By increasing the OH numbers of polyol from 161 mgKOH/g to 217 mgKOH/g, the crosslinking density of the JPU was significantly increased, which lead to a better storage modulus and improved hydrophobicity. Overall, JPU produced from polyol having OH number of 217 mgKOH/g appears to be a promising product for application as a binder for wood and decorative coatings

Effects of crude palm oil as plasticizer in polyoefin blown film

The growing of public concern about environmental and health potential risks of polymer and plasticizer industry promises to increase the market for an alternative of safer plasticizer such as a vegetable oil based plasticizer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of crude palm oil (CPO) as plasticizer in polyolefins blown film. The two types of polyolefins ; low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were blended with 1%, 3%, 5% of CPO using a twin screw extruder. The extruded samples were blown using the blown thin film technique. Mechanical, thermal, physical and morphological properties were characterized. The addition of CPO into low density polyethylene (LDPE) enhanced the elongation at break about 79 to 90% in machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD) and gradually decreased the tensile strength about 9%. The rupture properties (impact and tear strength) of LDPE modified with CPO showed the decrement pattern due to the plastisticization effect. The polypropylene (PP) modified with CPO results presented a good mechanical properties results on tensile strength (increased about 17% in TD and decreased about 17% in MD), elongation at break (enhanced about 30-90% in MD and decreased about 40-50% in TD), increased the impact strength and tear strength. The scanning electron microscopy photographs of LDPE and PP modified CPO did not modify the basic fracture mechanism of LDPE and PP matrix. The presence of CPO in LDPE and PP matrices were decreased the density and increased the melt flow rate. From Fourier Transmission Infra-Red (FTIR) spectras,the presence of CPO showed the addition peak in 1745 to 1747 cm-1 region indicated the physical molecular interaction between polyolefins and CPO. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that incorporation of CPO as plasticizer showed small increased effect in the thermal stability for both polyolefins. From the dynamic mechanical analysis, the storage modulus and loss modulus for both polyolefins presented decreasing pattern due to the action of CPO as plasticizer which introduced free volume and enabled the polyolefins chains to deform more easily. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of both polyolefins determined from the peak of tan δ and were shifted to lower temperature with the increasing CPO content. This observation showed that the CPO reacted as plasticizer in polyolefins system. The plasticising effect of CPO in polyolefins was investigated and proved that the plasicization mechanism occurred in the polyolefins systems. These findingshave contributed new knowledge to the additives area and give important implications for designing and manufacturing polymer packaging materials

Thermal and Dynamics Mechanical Analysis of Polypropylene Blown Films with Crude Palm Oil as Plasticizer

This research aims to investigate the effect of crude palm oil (CPO) as a plasticizer in polypropylene blown film on thermal and dynamic mechanical properties. Polypropylene (PP) was blended with 1, 3, and 5% of CPO using a twin screw extruder. The extruded samples were blown using the blown thin film technique. The samples were analyzed using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). From the dynamic mechanical analysis, the storage modulus and loss modulus for PP presented decreasing pattern about 3–5% due to the action of CPO as plasticizer which introduced free volume and enabled the polyolefins chains to deform more easily. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of PP were found being shifted to lower temperature from 10 to 1 °C with the increasing CPO content. The fraction of crystallization was determined using DSC. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the incorporation of CPO as plasticizer showed a small increased effect in the thermal stability for PP. These findings have contributed new knowledge to the additives area and give important implications for designing and manufacturing polymer packaging materials

Waterborne polyurethane dispersions synthesized from jatropha oil

A series of waterborne polyurethane dispersions derived from jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) with different OH numbers ranging from 138 to 217 mgKOH/g, were successfully prepared. Jatropha oil-based polyols were synthesized by epoxidation and oxirane ring opening using methanol. The JOLs produced were then used to prepare jatropha oil based waterborne polyurethane (JPU) dispersions by reaction with isophrene diisocyanate (IPDI). Dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) was used as an internal emulsifier to enable the dispersion of polyurethane in water. The influence of the OH number, DMPA content and hard segment content on the stability of the wet JPU dispersions, as well as the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the dry JPU films were investigated. The results reveal that with increasing OH number, the DMPA content and hard segment content significantly decrease the particle size from 1.1 μm to 53 nm, indicating increasing stability of the dispersions. JPU films exhibit the stress–strain behavior of an elastomeric polymer with a Young's modulus ranging from 1 to 28 MPa, a tensile strength of 1.8 to 4.0 MPa and elongation at break ranging from 85 to 325%. The polyurethane dispersions synthesized in this work possess good pendulum hardness, water repellence and thermal stability with promising application as a binder for wood and decorative coatings

Polyolefin composition.

The present invention provides a composition comprising a polyolefin selected from the group consisting of ethylene and propylene homopolymers and copolymers, which further comprises up to 5% by weight of natural occurring oil or fat that makes the composition useful in the manufacture of polyolefin films having improved mechanical properties

Physicochemical Properties of Jatropha Oil-Based Polyol Produced by a Two Steps Method

A low cost, abundant, and renewable vegetable oil source has been gaining increasing attention due to its potential to be chemically modified to polyol and thence to become an alternative replacement for the petroleum-based polyol in polyurethane production. In this study, jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) was synthesised from non-edible jatropha oil by a two steps process, namely epoxidation and oxirane ring opening. In the first step, the effect of the reaction temperature, the molar ratio of the oil double bond to formic acid, and the reaction time on the oxirane oxygen content (OOC) of the epoxidised jatropha oil (EJO) were investigated. It was found that 4.3% OOC could be achieved with a molar ratio of 1:0.6, a reaction temperature of 60 °C, and 4 h of reaction. Consequently, a series of polyols with hydroxyl numbers in the range of 138–217 mgKOH/g were produced by oxirane ring opening of EJOs, and the physicochemical and rheological properties were studied. Both the EJOs and the JOLs are liquid and have a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of 834 to 1457 g/mol and 1349 to 2129 g/mol, respectively. The JOLs exhibited Newtonian behaviour, with a low viscosity of 430–970 mPas. Finally, the JOL with a hydroxyl number of 161 mgKOH/g was further used to synthesise aqueous polyurethane dispersion, and the urethane formation was successfully monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)