Statistical multifrequency study of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies

High-energy {\gamma}-rays, which are produced by powerful relativistic jets, are usually associated with blazars and radio galaxies. In the current active galactic nuclei (AGN) paradigm, such jets are almost exclusively launched from massive elliptical galaxies. Recently, however, Fermi/LAT detected {\gamma}-rays from a few narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies and thus confirmed the presence of relativistic jets in them. Since NLS1 galaxies are assumed to be young evolving AGN, they offer a unique opportunity to study the production of relativistic jets in late-type galaxies. Our aim is to estimate by which processes the emission of various kinds is produced in NLS1 galaxies and to study how emission properties are connected to other intrinsic AGN properties. We have compiled the so far largest multiwavelength database of NLS1 sources. This allowed us to explore correlations between different wavebands and source properties using, for example, Pearson and Spearman correlations and principal component analysis. We did this separately for radio-loud and radio-quiet sources. Multiwavelength correlations suggest that radio-loud sources host relativistic jets that are the predominant sources of radio, optical, and X-ray emission. The origin of infrared emission remains unclear. Radio-quiet sources do not host a jet, or the jet is very weak. In them, radio and infrared emission is more likely generated via star formation processes, and the optical and X-ray emission originate in the inner parts of the AGN. We also find that the black hole mass correlates significantly with radio loudness, which suggests that NLS1 galaxies with more massive black holes are more likely to be able to launch powerful relativistic jets.Comment: 29 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Jet-Induced Feedback in the [O III] Lines of Early Evolution Stage Active Galactic Nuclei

It is well known that active galactic nuclei (AGN) show various forms of interaction with their host galaxy, in a number of phenomena generally called AGN feedback. In particular, the relativistic plasma jets launched by a fraction of AGN can strongly affect their environment. We present here a study of the [O III] lambda lambda 4959,5007 lines in a diverse sample of early evolution stage AGN-specifically narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies. Radio imaging observations of all of the sources enable a division to jetted and non-jetted sources, and exploiting this we show that the ionized gas properties are significantly influenced by the presence of the jets, as we often find the [O III] lines (blue-)shifted with respect to their restframe wavelength. We also show how the radio morphology and the radio spectral index do not seem to play a role in the origin of the [O III] shifts, thus suggesting that the source inclination is not relevant to the lines displacement. We do not find a strong relation between the [O III] line properties and the bolometric luminosity, suggesting that within our sample radiatively driven outflows do not seem to have a significant contribution to the [O III] line kinematics. We finally suggest that [O III] shifts may be a good proxy to identify the presence of relativistic jets. Additional studies, especially with integral-field spectroscopy, will provide a deeper insight into the relation between jets and their environment in early evolution stage AGN.</p

Peaked sources and narrow-line Seyfert 1s: A love story

The first similarities between peaked sources (PS) and narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies were noticed already 20 years ago. Nowadays, it is known that several sources can share both classifications, and that part of the parent population of gamma-ray emitting NLS1s could be hiding among PS. In this brief review, we describe how and why this orientation-based unification was developed. We also show how the recent discovery of absorbed radio jets in NLS1s basically invisible at frequencies below 10 GHz, could impact our knowledge of PS and, in particular, render the widely used radio-loudness parameter obsolete

Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies With Absorbed Jets–Insights From Radio Spectral Index Maps

 Narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies are active galactic nuclei (AGN) believed to be in the early stages of their evolution. A fraction of them have been found to host relativistic jets. Due to the lack of large-scale diffuse radio emission they are believed to be experiencing one of their first activity cycles, and can offer us an opportunity to study the early evolution of more powerful AGN, such as radio galaxies and flat-spectrum radio quasars. Recently, a group of intriguing jetted NLS1s was discovered: based on high radio frequency data they host relativistic jets, but in the JVLA observations they all showed steep radio spectra at least up to 9.0 GHz, indicating very strong absorption at these frequencies. In this paper we study a subset of these sources in detail by employing spatially resolved radio spectral index maps at central frequencies of 1.6, 5.2, and 9.0 GHz. With spectral index maps we can disentangle the different radio emission components over the radio-emitting region, and get insights into the production mechanisms of radio emission. In addition, we study their host galaxies in relation to the radio emission to investigate if the host can provide us additional information regarding the origin of the radio emission, or the launching mechanism of the jets. It is fascinating how different the sources studied are, and certainly more, especially wide frequency-range, and high-resolution observations will be needed to understand their history and current properties, such as the reason behind the extraordinary radio spectra.</p

Jetted narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies breaking the jet paradigm -- a comprehensive study of host galaxy morphologies

Narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies are unevolved active galactic nuclei (AGN) that exist predominantly in spiral galaxies. However, mostly due to the small number of sources studied, it has been under debate whether also the hosts of jetted NLS1 galaxies, a particular subclass of these sources hosting a relativistic jet, are disk-like, or elliptical, as the hosts of more powerful jetted AGN. We studied the host morphologies of 14 NLS1 galaxies, 11 of which have been detected at 37 GHz indicating that these sources harbour relativistic jets. The J- and Ks-band data used in this study were obtained with the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT). We performed the photometric decomposition of the host galaxy using the band that gave a better fit, and additionally, created colour maps of all sources that had both a J- and a Ks-band observation. We were able to successfully model 12 sources, nine of which most likely have disk-like morphology. Of the remaining sources, one source could possibly be hosted either in a disk-like or a dwarf galaxy, and in two cases the results are inconclusive. Only one of our sources shows clear signs of interaction, but the colour maps of most of our sources hint at ample dust in the nuclei, possibly indicating earlier minor mergers, that can go unnoticed due to the limited resolution of these observations. Our results further support disk-like galaxies as the predominant host type of jetted NLS1 galaxies. Most importantly, with the number of modelled hosts of jetted NLS1s now exceeding 50, with only a few elliptical hosts, it seems to be safe to conclude that also disk-like galaxies are able to launch and maintain relativistic jets, and that the traditional jet paradigm stating that only massive elliptical galaxies are capable of hosting relativistic jets is severely outdated.Comment: 24 pages, 40 figures, 17 tables, accepted to A&

Far-infrared photometry of OJ 287 with the Herschel Space Observatory

Context: The blazar OJ 287 has shown a approximate to 12 year quasi-periodicity over more than a century, in addition to the common properties of violent variability in all frequency ranges. It is the strongest known candidate to have a binary singularity in its central engine.Aims: We aim to better understand the different emission components by searching for correlated variability in the flux over four decades of frequency measurements.Methods: We combined data at frequencies from the millimetric to the visible to characterise the multifrequency light curve in April and May 2010. This includes the only photometric observations of OJ 287 made with the Herschel Space Observatory: five epochs of data obtained over 33 days at 250, 350, and 500 mu m with Herschel-SPIRE.Results: Although we find that the variability at 37 GHz on timescales of a few weeks correlates with the visible to near-IR spectral energy distribution, there is a small degree of reddening in the continuum at lower flux levels that is revealed by the decreasing rate of decline in the light curve at lower frequencies. However, we see no clear evidence that a rapid flare detected in the light curve during our monitoring in the visible to near-IR light curve is seen either in the Herschel data or at 37 GHz, suggesting a low-frequency cut-off in the spectrum of such flares.Conclusions: We see only marginal evidence of variability in the observations with Herschel over a month, although this may be principally due to the poor sampling. The spectral energy distribution between 37 GHz and the visible can be characterised by two components of approximately constant spectral index: a visible to far-IR component of spectral index alpha = -0.95, and a far-IR to millimetric spectral index of alpha = -0.43. There is no evidence of an excess of emission that would be consistent with the 60 mu m dust bump found in many active galactic nuclei.</p

A New Sample of Gamma-Ray Emitting Jetted Active Galactic Nuclei

We considered the fourth catalog of gamma-ray point sources produced by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and selected only jetted active galactic nuclei (AGN) or sources with no specific classification, but with a low-frequency counterpart. Our final list is composed of 2980 gamma-ray point sources. We then searched for optical spectra in all the available literature and publicly available databases, to measure redshifts and to confirm or change the original LAT classification. Our final list of gamma-ray emitting jetted AGN is composed of BL Lac Objects (40%), flat-spectrum radio quasars (23%), misaligned AGN (2.8%), narrow-line Seyfert 1, Seyfert, and low-ionization nuclear emission-line region galaxies (1.9%). We also found a significant number of objects changing from one type to another, and vice versa (changing-look AGN, 1.1%). About 30% of gamma-ray sources still have an ambiguous classification or lack one altogether.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, 1 Table. Accepted for publication on Universe, Special Issue "Black Holes and Relativistic Jets", edited by I. Dutan and N. R. MacDonald. This preprint contains only the main text. The full tables A1 and A2 are available on the journal web site (https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/8/11/587

Osallisuuden ja yhteisöllisyyden tukeminen : Perhekeskus Marakatti

Kehittämishanke toteutettiin Mannerheimin Lastensuojeluliiton Varsinais-Suomen piirin Perhekeskus Marakatissa Turussa vuosien 2016 ja 2017 aikana. Toimeksiantajina toimivat Turun kaupungin varhaiskasvatus sekä Mannerheimin Lastensuojeluliiton Varsinais-Suomen piiri. Kehittämishankkeen tavoitteena oli etsiä keinoja Perhekeskus Marakatin asiakkaiden osallisuuden ja yhteisöllisyyden tukemiseen. Tarkoituksena oli saada erityisesti lasten ääni kuuluviin. Kehittämistehtävänä oli suunnitella sekä toteuttaa osallisuutta ja yhteisöllisyyttä tukeva yhteistoimintapäivä Perhekeskus Marakatissa keväällä 2017, jossa lapset pääsisivät toimimaan yhdessä vanhempiensa kanssa. Yhteistoimintapäivän suunnittelun lähtökohta oli osallistaa Perhekeskus Marakatin asiakkaat ja ottaa heidät mukaan suunnitteluun alusta asti. Lasten mielipiteiden selvittämiseen käytettiin menetelmänä mentalisaatiota, jossa Perhekeskus Marakatissa vierailleiden lasten vanhemmat pohtivat lapsensa kokemuksia, tarpeita, ajatuksia ja tunteita ja kirjoittivat niitä ylös. Muina kehittämismenetelminä toimivat muun muassa palaverit, dialogit sekä ryhmäkeskustelut. Toimeksiantajien kanssa käydyissä palavereissa suunniteltiin hankkeen tuotosta sekä saatiin palautetta. Ryhmäkeskusteluissa oli mukana sekä toimeksiantajan että perhekeskuksen asiakkaiden edustajia. Heidän kanssaan käytiin keskustelua hankkeen etenemisestä sekä kehitettiin ideoita tuotosta varten. Tuotoksena toteutettiin lasten toiveiden mukainen leikkipäivä keväällä 2017, jossa toteutettiin lasten mielenkiinnon kohteiden pohjalta kaksi erilaista toimintatuokiota. Keskeisiksi leikkipäivän teemoiksi nousivat kädentaitoja sekä liikuntaa sisältävät toiminnat. Toimintatuokioiden jälkeen kerättiin palaute toteutuksesta sekä pidettiin palautekeskustelu yhdessä toimeksiantajien sekä hankkeeseen osallistuneiden asiakkaiden kanssa. Palautteen perusteella kokemus osallisuudesta sekä yhteisöllisyydestä näytti vahvistuvan, kun pääsi vaikuttamaan toiminnan sisältöön sekä itse toiminta koettiin tällöin mielekkäänä. Mentalisaatio auttoi vanhempia ymmärtämään lapsiaan paremmin myös tavallisessa arjessa.This development project was put into practice in Mannerheim League for Child Welfare of Southwest Finland county's family center Marakatti in Turku during 2016 and 2017. Our employers were early childhood education of City of Turku and Southwest Finland county's Mannerheim League of Child Welfare. The target of this development project was to find ways to support the participation and communality of the customers in family center Marakatti. The purpose especially was to get children's voice to be heard. The development mission was to plan and accomplish a collaboration day which supports participation and communality in family center Marakatti in spring 2017, where children could work together with their parents. The basis in the planning of the collaboration day was to get the customers to be involved and to partake from the beginning. To find out the point of views of children we used mentalization, where the parents of family center Marakatti thought over the experiences, needs, thoughts and feelings of their children and wrote them down. Other development methods were for example meetings, dialogue and group discussions. In the meetings with employers we planned about the output of this project and got feedback. There were advocates of both employers and family center's customers taking part in the group discussions. We talked about the progress of this project and developed ideas for the output. As an output, we carried out a play day which included children's wishes in spring 2017, where we made two different play sessions based on the interests of children. The two mainline themes of the play day were handcrafting and exercise. After the play sessions, we gathered feedback about the output and discussed together with employers and the customers who took part in the project. Based on the feedback the experience about participation and communality seemed to be strengthened, when you got to affect the content of the activity and therefore the activity itself felt meaningful