Simulated LV stroke work.

<p>(A) Pre-AVB surgery for a severe AS (EOA = 0.7 cm²), (B) post-AVB surgery with a conduit valve size of 19 mm and a conduit size of 18mm, (C) LV stroke work variations with and without AVB for different AS severities. The values are averaged over the all configurations for AVB in terms of conduit and valves sizes simulated in this study.</p

Simulated left ventricle and aorta pressures.

<p>(A) Healthy (No AS & No AVB), (B) severe AS (EOA = 0.7 cm²) & No AVB. Stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output are 75 ml, 70 beats/min and 5.2 l/min, respectively.</p

Schematic diagrams.

<p>(A) Electrical representation, (B) schematic representation of the lumped parameter model used to simulate left-sided heart in presence of aortic stenosis and/or apico-aortic conduit (please see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123000#pone.0123000.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for all other parameters used in the lumped parameter model).</p

Computed AS and AVB flow rate ratio in the presence of fixed severe AS (EOA = 0.7 cm2).

<p>*Relative error in computed flow rates through native valve with EOA of 0.7 cm² and AVB with combinations of 18–19, 20–21 and 22–23, compared to the results reported by Stauffer et al. (2011) are 4.49%, 2.34% and 0.11%, respectively. AV: aortic valve; AVB: aortic valve bypass</p><p>Stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output are 75 ml, 70 beats/min and 5.2 l/min, respectively. AV: aortic valve, AVB: aortic valve bypass</p><p>Computed AS and AVB flow rate ratio in the presence of fixed severe AS (EOA = 0.7 cm2).</p

Summarized cardiovascular parameters used to simulate all cases.

<p>*Maximum error in computed ratio between AS and AVB flow rates from sensitivity analysis in response to independent variation (±30%) in each parameter</p><p>Summarized cardiovascular parameters used to simulate all cases.</p

Simulated left ventricle and aorta pressures and flow distribution.

<p>(A) Severe AS (EOA = 0.7 cm²) & AVB (conduit valve size: 19 mm, conduit size: 18mm), (B) severe AS (EOA = 0.7 cm²) & AVB (conduit valve size: 19 mm, conduit size: 26mm). Stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output are 75 ml, 70 beats/min and 5.2 l/min, respectively.</p