Government and Discipline in Classrooms of the Common School : Reinterpretation of the Pedagogy of F. W. Parker

The public elementary school in the United States, which was called "the common school" during the 19th century, has expressed an ideal of "commonality" or "commonness" in American culture. The ideal contained the ideas of "government" or "discipline" of the school method of teaching practice, as the very practical form. F.W.Parker, who was often called "father of the progressive education" or "inventor of the childcentered pedagogy," was a successor of these teacher-initiative ideas by its nature. It was ironical. However, his central interest of the chapter "School Government and Moral Training" in Talks on Pedagogics (1894) is, neither children nor teacher, the social relationship called "democracy" and the common school that he named "the embryonic democracy." In the common schools, children and teachers were made to be functional "parts" in the governmental form of "democracy." His "democracy" was not only a political ideal of nation but also a civil religion, and built the consensus and publicness of the modern schools in America

看護基本教育においてラベルワーク技法を用いた看護研究計画書作成方法の評価

看護基礎教育における研究計画書作成演習にラベルワーク技法を用い、研究的取り組みをしている。今回は、研究目的の絞り込みと知見の整理の段階を丁寧に指導するよう心掛け、本方法の成果と課題について明らかにすることを目的とした。本方法の履修学生と担当教員に、 自由記述による感想・意見を求め、KJ法により分析した。その結果、〈学生に求める要件〉として5つ、〈教員に求める要件〉として6つ、〈学びを促進する方法の要件〉として5つの要件を抽出できた。そして、〈本方法の利点〉として10、〈本方法の成果〉として5つの成果を明らかにすることができた

Novel quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for evaluating PD-L1 expression with phosphor-integrated dots for predicting the efficacy of patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

IntroductionProgrammed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor tissues is measured as a predictor of the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in many cancer types. PD-L1 expression is evaluated by immunohistochemical staining using 3,3´-diaminobenzidine (DAB) chronogenesis (IHC-DAB); however, quantitative and reproducibility issues remain. We focused on a highly sensitive quantitative immunohistochemical method using phosphor-integrated dots (PIDs), which are fluorescent nanoparticles, and evaluated PD-L1 expression between the PID method and conventional DAB method.MethodsIn total, 155 patients with metastatic or recurrent cancer treated with ICIs were enrolled from four university hospitals. Tumor tissue specimens collected before treatment were subjected to immunohistochemical staining with both the PID and conventional DAB methods to evaluate PD-L1 protein expression.ResultsPD-L1 expression assessed using the PID and DAB methods was positively correlated. We quantified PD-L1 expression using the PID method and calculated PD-L1 PID scores. The PID score was significantly higher in the responder group than in the non-responder group. Survival analysis demonstrated that PD-L1 expression evaluated using the IHC-DAB method was not associated with progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS). Yet, PFS and OS were strikingly prolonged in the high PD-L1 PID score group.ConclusionQuantification of PD-L1 expression as a PID score was more effective in predicting the treatment efficacy and prognosis of patients with cancer treated with ICIs. The quantitative evaluation of PD-L1 expression using the PID method is a novel strategy for protein detection. It is highly significant that the PID method was able to identify a group of patients with a favorable prognosis who could not be identified by the conventional DAB method

精神科病院における朝顔栽培の取り組みとその効果

今回、A施設が開発中の朝顔栽培のプログラムに沿ってB精神科病院にて朝顔栽培の取り組みを行い、園芸作業前後の対象者の気分の変化について調査した。調査はB精神科病院C病棟に入院中で研究協力の説明を受けた後、同意が得られた患者20名を対象とし、フェイススケール（気分最高5点～最悪1点）を用いて行った。その結果、初回を除き、2回目以降の園芸作業において有意に値が上昇しており、リラックス効果が得られていた。また、対象者自身が、朝顔栽培に興味を持ち、楽しみながら育てることができ、朝顔栽培を通して、愛他性、責任感が芽生え、忍耐力・持続力の増強、自尊心の向上、人の役に立つという有用感の体験につながった

Receptor Sorting within Endosomal Trafficking Pathway Is Facilitated by Dynamic Actin Filaments

Early endosomes (EEs) are known to be a sorting station for internalized molecules destined for degradation, recycling, or other intracellular organelles. Segregation is an essential step in such sorting, but the molecular mechanism of this process remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that actin is required for efficient recycling and endosomal maturation by producing a motile force. Perturbation of actin dynamics by drugs induced a few enlarged EEs containing several degradative vacuoles and also interfered with their transporting ability. Actin repolymerization induced by washout of the drug caused the vacuoles to dissociate and individually translocate toward the perinuclear region. We further elucidated that cortactin, an actin-nucleating factor, was required for transporting contents from within EEs. Actin filaments regulated by cortactin may provide a motile force for efficient sorting within early endosomes. These data suggest that actin filaments coordinate with microtubules to mediate segregation in EEs

Clinical practice guideline for drug-induced kidney injury in Japan 2016: digest version

Approximately one in eight adults has chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Japan, and the prevalence rate is expected to rise steeply due to the aging of the population in this country. In patients with CKD, quite a few medications require the dosage reduction or discontinuation because of their reduced urinary excretion and the increased risk of further renal impairment. Therefore, CKD patients are often treated by insufficient amounts of the medications, even though they may suffer from various complications. Moreover, it is empirically known that drug-induced kidney injury (DKI) accelerates the progression of renal failure, while it is not superficially ranked as a primary cause of kidney disease.In this context, the early detection, prevention, and treatment of DKI are very important issue in preventing the progression of CKD and the development of renal failure. However, there are no comprehensive and practical guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of DKI for CKD patients and on dosage adjustments for these patients.In response to this need, a clinical practice guideline for DKI was developed with the support of a Health and Labour Science Research Grant from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW) and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) for Practical Research Project for Renal Diseases, “Early detection and treatment of drug-induced kidney injury that aggravate chronic kidney disease.” This guideline was established by doing a clinical survey on DKIs, evaluating clinicopathological factors, investigating the methods of the early detection of the disease, and analyzing animal models. The present article represents a Committee of Clinical Practice Guideline for DKI. We collected supportive evidence and analyzed data, focusing on several clinical questions that have practical importance

Research Activities in the Department of Nursing

Research activity at the Department of Nursing is overviewed from the point of research topics, the theme of the projects admitted for grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Japan, and expected research topics, trying to clarify the needs and challenges of the Department from multilateral aspects in future research activities. The Department of Nursing, Aino University is currently divided into the five areas and further into 12 fields. On the other hand, according to the Scientific Research Grant Program (2015 fiscal year), the research topics in nursing science is subdivided into the five areas; a) basic nursing, b) clinical nursing, c) lifelong developmental nursing, d) elderly nursing, and e) community health nursing

中枢性μ-オピオイド受容体とグルココルチコイド受容体を介した慢性ストレスによる喘息悪化

Stress and other psychological factors have long been etiologically demonstrated to be associated with asthma symptoms. We recently reported that μ-opioid receptors (MORs) were involved in asthma exacerbations caused by psychological stress in a murine asthma model. On the other hand, MOR activation in central nervous system (CNS) by psychological stress can stimulate hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in the release of glucocorticoid. Glucocorticoid has been reported to shift the immune response from helper T (Th) 1 to Th2. These findings led us to hypothesize that psychological stress-induced exacerbations of asthma was attributable to cortisol release due to HPA axis stimulation via the activation of MOR in CNS. Female C57BL/6 mice sensitized with ovalbumin were exposed to chronic restraint stress as psychological stress. Either intracereberoventricular administration of an MOR antagonist or systemic administration of a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist during stress exposure abolished stress-induced exacerbation of airway inflammation. On the other hand, the elevation of stress-induced plasma corticosterone level was not affected by the administration of the MOR antagonist to CNS, and observed also in MOR knockout mice. These results suggest that both MOR in CNS and glucocorticoid are involved in the psychological stress-induced exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation, but the sress-induced HPA axis stimulation did not depend on MOR activation in this model