Análisis observacional de la variabilidad de acciones en judo: ¿la clave del éxito?

[ES] El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue determinar si la variabilidad en la acción de agarre, acciones antes de atacar, técnicas de proyección, dirección de ataque, transición combate de pie a suelo, y técnicas de judo suelo, diferían entre judokas masculinos y femeninos, y entre medallistas de oro, plata y bronce en los Campeonatos del Mundo de judo en las categorías cadete, junior y senior. Se analizaron 296 judokas que ganaron medallas en esta competición entre 2018 y 2019, los cuales ejecutaron un total de 1202 acciones puntuables en posición de pie y 300 acciones puntuables en suelo. Se observó una mayor variabilidad en los ganadores de medallas de oro en agarre y acciones antes del ataque, en comparación con los medallistas de bronce, mientras que la variabilidad de transición combate de pie a suelo fue mayor para los ganadores de medallas de oro en comparación con el resto de medallistas. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos de edad, excepto en su interacción con el sexo, encontrando una menor variabilidad de técnicas en las mujeres cadetes en comparación con todos los demás grupos de edad masculinos. Además, se observó una menor variabilidad en las mujeres en comparación con los hombres en cuanto a agarre, acciones antes de atacar, número de técnicas y dirección de los ataques. Por lo tanto, la variabilidad en algunos elementos puede discriminar adecuadamente la posición alcanzada en el podio, las mujeres presentan menor variabilidad que los hombres, y no se encontraron diferencias relevantes entre grupos de edad.[EN] The main objective of the present study was to determine whether variation in gripping action, actions before attacking,throwing techniques, direction of attack, transition from standing to groundwork combat, and groundwork techniquesvaried between male and female judo athletes and between gold, silver and bronze medalists in judo WorldChampionships for cadet, junior and senior athletes. Therefore, 296 athletes who won medals in these competitionsbetween 2018 and 2019, who executed a total of 1202 scoring actions in standing position and 300 scoring actions in the groundwork combat were analyzed. Higher variation was observed for gold medal winners for grip actions beforeattack compared to bronze medalists, whereas transition variation was greater for gold medal winners compared to theother medalists. However, no differences were found between age groups, except when interacting with sex, as a lowertechnique variation was observed in female cadets compared to all other male age groups. Additionally, less variationwas observed in females compared to males for grip, actions before attacking, number of techniques and direction of attacks. Therefore, variation in some elements can properly discriminate the podium position, females present lessvariation than males, but no relevant differences were found between age groups.[PT] O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi determinar sea variação nas formas de pegada, ações antes de atacar,técnicas de projeção, direções de ataque, formas detransição do combate em pé para o combate no solo e técnicas de domínio variavam entre atletas de judô dossexos masculino e feminino e entre medalhistas de ouro,prata e bronze nos Campeonatos Mundiais de judô dasclasses Sub-18, Sub-21 e Sênior. Para isso, foramanalisados 296 atletas que conquistaram medalhas nestascompetições em 2018 e 2019, os quais geraram 1202pontuações no combate em pé e 300 pontuações no combate de solo. Foi observada maior variação entre osmedalhistas de ouro para pegada e ações antes de atacarquando comparados aos medalhistas de bronze, enquantoa variação de transição foi maior para os medalhistas deouro em comparação com os demais medalhistas. Contudo, não foram verificadas diferenças entre as faixasetárias, exceto na interação com o sexo, sendo observadamenor variação de técnicas de projeção nas medalhistasSub-18 em comparação com todas as outras classes etáriasdomasculino. Adicionalmente,asatletasapresentaram menor variação em comparação com osatletas para pegada, ações antes de atacar, técnicas deprojeçãoe direções de ataque. Portanto, a variação emdeterminados elementos técnicos pode discriminaradequadamente o resultado competitivo, sendo que atletasdosexofemininoapresentammenorvariaçãodoque atletas do masculino, mas não foram verificadasdiferenças relevantes entre as faixas etárias

Developing aerobic power and capacity for combat sports athletes

[EN] This chapter describes the physiological responses associated with aerobic power and capacity of combat sports athletes from different modalities (judo, Brazilian jiu-Jitsu, wrestling, Olympic boxing, taekwondo, karate and muay-thai) during specific and non-specific situations. Moreover, we describe the most used methods for the control and monitoring of these variables. Finally, the longitudinal studies that investigated the effects of aerobic power and capacity training for combat sports athletes are descripted

Preface

[EN] Combat sports have grown in popularity worldwide and in increased number of events, resulting in more athletes taking part in competitions of different levels

Developing strength-endurance for combat sports athletes

[EN] Strength-endurance is one of the trainable physical capacities that could determine the success in some combat sports and its inclusion is obligatory in the training periodization of high-level athletes. In striking combat sports, such as boxing and taekwondo, it seems likely that increases in dynamic strength-endurance improve the ability to execute combat movements repeatedly. On the other hand, grapplers need to develop high levels of strength-endurance because during the match much time is spent in grip dispute and the success in this phase may determine the possibility to execute scoring techniques. Furthermore, in mixed combat sports, where a combination of striking and grappling are required, athletes needs to have the capacity to maintain dynamic or static muscular actions during prolonged periods during the match, and the strength-endurance is one key element. Therefore, this chapter presents the strength-endurance requirements during the match, the specific tests for its evaluation, scientific evidence of longitudinal studies on the development of strength-endurance in combat sports athletes and the methods for its development

Developing flexibility for combat sports athletes

[EN] The range of motion of a joint is extremely important in combat sports, especially when there is a need to execute a certain motor gesture with maximum range of movement, as in throwing techniques such as uchi-mata in judo, certain types of guards in Brazilian jiu-jitsu or the high kicks common in a variety of striking combat sports. Therefore, in this chapter, we will discuss the elements related to flexibility response during training sessions or combat sports competitions, flexibility tests commonly used for these athletes, and the monitoring and control of the evolution of flexibility in athletes. We will also present the means and methods used for the development of flexibility and longitudinal studies on the development of flexibility in combat sports athletes. Finally, this chapter supports based on the evidence the inclusion of flexibility development within training sessions is an important consideration to maximize performance and other physical capabilitiesthat may be affected both acutely or in the long-term by flexibility