Effects of inosine on larval locomotor activity after 30 min tracking period (expressed in actinteg).

<p>Inosine (1) was tested at 10, 50 and 100 μg/mL. PTZ was used at 20 mM as proconvulsant agent. Controls are indicated as “-” for the vehicle control and “+” for the positive control. Data are represented as Actinteg mean ± SEM (n ≥ 3). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with Dunett’s test to compare samples with positive control, with <i>P</i> values of <0.05 (*), <0.01 (**).</p

Larval locomotor activity (expressed in actinteg units) of <i>S</i>. <i>marinoi</i> extracts tested on zebrafish larvae.

<p>Hexanic extract (SM01), dichloromethane extract (SM02), methanolic extract (SM03) and aqueous extract (SM04) were tested at 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL concentrations. PTZ was used at 20 mM as the proconvulsant agent. Controls are described as “-” for the vehicle control and “+” for the positive control. Data are represented as Actinteg mean ± SEM (n ≥ 5). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with Dunett’s test to compare samples with positive control, with <i>P</i> values of <0.001 (***), <0.0001 (****).</p

ELSD chromatograms for the methanolic extract before and after enrichment, and its fractionation by preparative chromatography.

<p>(A) UHPLC chromatogram of the crude methanolic extract exhibiting mainly unretained polar metabolites. (B) UHPLC metabolite profiling after enrichment by VLC to remove very polar residues. (C) Preparative chromatography for the fractionation of the enriched extract highlighting the isolation of constituent <b>1</b>.</p

Anti-<i>Candida</i> Cassane-Type Diterpenoids from the Root Bark of <i>Swartzia simplex</i>

A dichloromethane extract of the roots from the Panamanian plant <i>Swartzia simplex</i> exhibited a strong antifungal activity in a bioautography assay against a genetically modified hypersusceptible strain of <i>Candida albicans</i>. At-line HPLC activity based profiling of the crude extract enabled a precise localization of the antifungal compounds, and dereplication by UHPLC-HRESIMS indicated the presence of potentially new metabolites. Transposition of the HPLC reversed-phase analytical conditions to medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) allowed an efficient isolation of the major constituents. Minor compounds of interest were isolated from the MPLC fractions using semipreparative HPLC. Using this strategy, 14 diterpenes (<b>1</b>–<b>14</b>) were isolated, with seven (<b>5</b>–<b>10</b>, <b>14</b>) being new antifungal natural products. The new structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS analysis. The absolute configurations of some of the compounds were elucidated by electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. The antifungal properties of these compounds were evaluated as their minimum inhibitory concentrations in a dilution assay against both hypersusceptible and wild-type strains of <i>C. albicans</i> and by assessment of their antibiofilm activities. The potential cytological effects on the ultrastructure of <i>C. albicans</i> of the antifungal compounds isolated were evaluated on thin sections by transmission electron microscopy