Areas under the ROC curve according to different risk scores of CVD incidence.

<p>Areas under the ROC curve according to different risk scores of CVD incidence.</p

Risk of CVD event (Hazard Ratio) according to NLR distribution.

<p>NLR was modeled by cubic spline (solid line) with three knots in Cox regression model adjusted for age, sex, intravenous drug use, diabetes and tobacco smoking as fixed covariates, and CD4 cell count, antiretroviral therapy, presence of hypertension, SBP, total cholesterol and HDL as time dependent covariates. The reference value is 1.2. The 95% confidence intervals are shown as dashed lines. <i>Vertical axes</i> have a <i>logarithmic scale</i>. Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein.</p

Cumulative incidence CVD curves in HIV-infected subjects with NLR<1.2 and NLR ≥1.2.

<p>Abbreviation: NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio.</p

Hazard ratio for NLR ≥ 1.2 compared to NLR < 1.2 in predicting cardiovascular event incidence in five models.

<p>Hazard ratio for NLR ≥ 1.2 compared to NLR < 1.2 in predicting cardiovascular event incidence in five models.</p

The presence of resistance-associated mutations in reverse transcriptase gene is associated with cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 escape: a multicentric retrospective analysis

Higher risk of cerebrospinal fluid escape (CVE) has been associated with the use of specific antiretroviral (ARV) classes, such as protease inhibitors. We assessed whether archived resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) can mediate this relationship by identifying patients treated with incompletely active antiretroviral regimens. A retrospective multicentric study on 282 adult people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and available historical plasma genotype resistance testing (HGRT) for reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease genes between 2001 and 2021. The odds ratio for demographic, clinic-, and ART-related variables and CVE was estimated by multivariable modeling. HGRT-adjusted central nervous system effectiveness penetration (CPE) score was computed in modeling the risk. Median age, plasma VL, and CD4 count were 49 years, <50?copies/mL, and 310?cells/µL. CVE was detected in 51 participants (17.0%). No difference in CVE prevalence was observed according to ART type, number of ARVs or ARV classes. Participants with CVE had more frequently plasma (52.9% vs. 32.1%, p?=?0.005) and CSF RAMs in RT (n?=?63, 57.1% vs. 28.6%, p?=?0.029), but not in protease gene. The presence of plasma RAMs in RT associated with increased odds of CVE in adjusted analyses (aOR 3.9, p

Patient characteristics.

<p>List of abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HAART, highly-active antiretroviral treatment; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV-Ab, hepatitis C virus antibodies; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; INR, immunological non-responders; IQR, interquartile range; IR, Immunological responders; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor.</p><p>Patient characteristics.</p

Proportion of patients remaining free from severe non AIDS-related event.

<p>List of abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HAART, Highly-active antiretroviral therapy.</p

Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Models for Time to first AIDS-defining event or severe non AIDS-defining event or death.

<p>List of abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CI, confidence interval; HAART, highly-active antiretroviral treatment; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV-Ab, hepatitis C virus antibodies; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; INR, immunological non-responders; IR, Immunological responders; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor.</p><p>¹ The first model was adjusted for age and gender.</p><p>² The second model was adjusted for age, gender, intravenous drug use as route of HIV transmission, pre-HAART CD4+ T-cell count, occurrence of AIDS-defining events and immunological response (Immunological non responders at year 1 <i>versus</i> responders). Occurrence of AIDS-defining event during follow-up was considered as time-dependent variable</p><p>* Estimates for HCV-Ab positivity were not adjusted for intravenous drug use as route of HIV transmission, due to high correlation.</p><p>Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Models for Time to first AIDS-defining event or severe non AIDS-defining event or death.</p

Severe non AIDS-related events observed during the follow-up (overall results and stratified by immunological response at year 1).

<p>List of abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; INR, immunological non-responders; IR, Immunological responders.</p><p>Severe non AIDS-related events observed during the follow-up (overall results and stratified by immunological response at year 1).</p

Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Models for Time to severe non-AIDS related event.

<p>List of abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CI, confidence interval; HAART, highly-active antiretroviral treatment; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV-Ab, hepatitis C virus antibodies; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; INR, immunological non-responders; IR, Immunological responders; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor.</p><p>¹ The first model was adjusted for age and gender.</p><p>² The second model was adjusted for age, gender, intravenous drug use as route of HIV transmission, pre-HAART CD4+ T-cell count, occurrence of AIDS-defining events and immunological response (Immunological non responders at year 1 <i>versus</i> responders). Occurrence of AIDS-defining event during follow-up was considered as time-dependent variable.</p><p>* Estimates for HCV-Ab positivity were not adjusted for intravenous drug use as route of HIV transmission, due to high correlation.</p><p>Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Models for Time to severe non-AIDS related event.</p