Spacecraft Guidance Sensing at Relativistic Velocities

In this chapter a solution to the problem of planning an interstellar voyage at relativistic velocities by automatic control was proposed. To this aim, position and velocity of a relativistic interstellar spacecraft can be found by means of automatic measurements onboard of the aberrated angular distances between three quasars, at least. Indeed, this set can represent a reliable inertial reference frame due to the circumstance that quasars can be considered fixed in the space due to their large distances from Earth. To this aim, the so-called apical latitude and longitude of some quasars can be obtained from their right ascension α and declination δ in astronomical catalogues, using some mathematical expressions to provide the aberrated coordinates of a relativistic spacecraft during an interstellar space mission. The algorithm used in this study showed that the accuracy of determining the aberrated apical coordinates of a spacecraft increases significantly using quasars with aberrated apical latitude values lower than 45° in the direction of motion, suggesting that one or more normal-sized telescopes aboard the spacecraft can use quasars within a cone with angular aperture of about 45°, providing aberrated apical latitudes of the spacecraft with errors ranging from 10−7 to 10−9

Interactions of Bovine Muscle Tissue with 2450 MHz Microwaves Studied in the Mid-Infrared Region

The effects of microwaves at 2450 MHz at 600 W on bovine muscle tissue have been studied by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Spectral analysis in the amide I region after microwave cooking showed that an increase in intensity occurred in the region around 1665 and 1695 cm–1, that can be attributed to β-turns and β-sheet features, respectively. This result characterized disorder processes in the protein. In addition, CH2 methylene and carbonyl band vibrations of samples under exposure to microwave heating appeared lower than vibrations of samples heated by conventional oven. This result demonstrated that the Maillard reaction occurs partially after cooking by microwave oven

Proteins in aqueous solution under high frequency electromagnetic field: viscoelastic approximation of a complex system

Proteins in aqueous solution are complex systems that are made of many interacting and non-interacting elements whose behavior can be predictable upon the application of non-linear models. The aim of this study was to show that this complex system behaves like a viscoelastic system under exposure to high frequency electromagnetic (HF-EMF). To this aim, typical proteins in water solution were exposed for 3 h to a high frequency electromagnetic field at the power density of 1 W/m2.  Proteins α-helices aligned along the direction of the field and the integrated areas of proteins β-sheet content increased linearly as a function of proteins dipole moment. This result can be explained assuming that proteins in aqueous solution under HF-EMF behave like a viscoelastic system

Electromagnetic Fields Effects on the Secondary Structure of Lysozyme and Bioprotective Effectiveness of Trehalose

FTIR spectroscopy was used to investigate the effects of extremely low frequency (50 Hz) electromagnetic field and of microwaves at 900 MHz on the secondary structure of a typical protein, the lysozyme, evaluating the bioprotective effectiveness of trehalose. Lysozyme in D2O solution (60 mg/ml) was exposed to 50 Hz frequency electromagnetic field at 180 μT. The FTIR spectra indicated an increase of CH2 group at 1921 and 1853 cm−1 after 3 h of exposure. Such effect was not observed after the addition of trehalose (150 mg/mL) at the same exposure conditions. Lysozyme dissolved in D2O at the concentration of 100 mg/mL was exposed up to 4 h to 900 MHz mobile phone microwaves at 25 mA/m. A significant increase in intensity of the amide I vibration band in the secondary structure of the protein was observed after 4 h exposure to microwaves. This effect was inhibited by the presence of trehalose at the concentration of 150 mg/mL. Fourier self-deconvolution spectral analysis of lysozyme in D2O solution after exposure to microwaves revealed an increase in intensity of the conformational components of amide I mode, particularly of β-sheet and turn that can be attributed to disorder and unfolding processes of the protein

Demicellization of Polyethylene Oxide in Water Solution under Static Magnetic Field Exposure Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy

FTIR spectroscopy was used to investigate the alterations of the vibration bands in the mid-infrared region of Polyethylene oxide in aqueous solution at 25 mg/mL concentration under exposure up to 4 h to a static magnetic field at 200 mT. FTIR spectroscopic analysis of PEO solution in the range 3500–1000 cm−1 evidenced the stretching vibrations of ether band, C–H symmetric-antisymmetric and bending vibrations of methylene groups, and the C–O–C stretching band. A significant decrease in intensity of symmetric and asymmetric stretching CH2 vibration bands occurred after 2 h and 4 h of exposure, followed by a significant decrease in intensity of scissoring bending in plane CH2 vibration around 1465 cm−1. Finally, the C–O–C stretching band around 1080 cm−1 increased in intensity after 4 h of exposure. This result can be attributed to the increase of formation of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding that occurred in PEO aqueous solution after SMF exposure, due to the reorientation of PEO chain after exposure to SMF. In this scenario, the observed decrease in intensity of CH2 vibration bands can be understood as well considering that the reorientation of PEO chain under the applied SMF induces PEO demicellization

"Rotation of Simple Organic Systems Can Be Induced by Low Intensity Electromagnetic Fields"

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Comparison Between Conventional Convective Heating and Microwave Heating: An FTIR Spectroscopy Study of the Effects of Microwave Oven Cooking of Bovine Breast Meat

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Effects on mobility training and de-adaptations in subjects with Spinal Cord Injury due to a Wearable Robot: A preliminary report

open7noopenSale, Patrizio; Russo, Emanuele Francesco; Russo, Michele; Masiero, Stefano; Piccione, Francesco; Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore; Filoni, SerenaSale, Patrizio; Russo, Emanuele Francesco; Russo, Michele; Masiero, Stefano; Piccione, Francesco; Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore; Filoni, Seren

Thermoheliodome Testing: Evaluation Methods for Testing Directed Radiant Heat Reflection☆

Abstract The Thermoheliodome is a prototype experimental pavilion that produces comfort through the manipulation of the mean radiant temperature generated by a combination of evaporative cooling and radiant heat reflection. We present the development of a sensing and analysis method for measuring the impact on radiant temperature and other performance data for the space, along with the initial system measurements. This is an environmental control station through which low cost microcontrollers enable distributed networked nodes to take measurements of relevant system parameters. The system measurements show a reduction of mean radiant temperature by 2-3 °C using evaporative cooling and strategic reflection