Privatisation, outsourcing and employment relations in Israel

This chapter focuses on the effect that outsourcing, as a subset of privatization, has had on employment relations in Israel. In particular, chapter highlights the adverse, and perhaps counter-intuitive, effects that the law has had on the plight of Israeli contract workers. Israeli governmental agencies and local councils have turned to outsourcing as a means to circumventing post limits and due to the Ministry of Finance’s pressures to increase ‘flexibility’ in the civil service. Intriguingly, paradoxically, and tragically, the law’s effort to regulate this growing phenomenon has led employers resorting to tactics which have redefined agency workers (teachers, nurses, etc) as workers subject to the “outsourcing of services” (teaching, nursing, etc). This has moved such workers into a legal void, depriving them of rights and protection

Relatório de estágio em farmácia comunitária

Relatório de estágio realizado no âmbito do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas, apresentado à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbr

Privatizing the Public Sector : How to Shrink Government

164p.; 20cm

Viešųjų paslaugų privatizavimas: praktika ir patirtis

Viešųjų paslaugų privatizavimas yra vienas iš naujosios viešosios vadybos veiksnių. Monografijoje nagrinėjami naujosios viešosios vadybos veiksniai: valdžios sugrįžimas prie savo esminių funkcijų, pilietinės visuomenės atkūrimas, rinkos principų perėmimas, decentralizacija ir valdžios perdavimas, „teisingo dydžio“ vyriausybė (vyriausybinio valdymo aparato mažinimas) ir elektroninio valdymo bei kitų naujų technologijų institucionalizavimas. Monografijoje nagrinėjama pasaulio patirtis privatizuojant municipalines, greitosios medicinos pagalbos paslaugas, ligoninių, oro uostų, vandentiekio, vaikų socialinės apsaugos paslaugas, elektros ūkį, švietimo sistemą, paukštynus ir zoologijos sodus, taip pat nesėkmingų sandorių pavyzdžiai. Aptariama privatizacijos praeitis, dabartis ir ateitis. Knyga skirta valstybės ir savivaldybių institucijų darbuotojams, verslininkams, dėstytojams, taip pat magistrantūros studijų studentams, studijuojantiems teisę ir valdymą bei viešąjį administravimą

The forces influences privatization

The word govern comes from a Greek root ,,kybern", which means to ,,steer" (The same root appears in cybernetics, the science of control.) The job of government is to steer, not to row. Delivering services - whether repairing streets or operating an airline - is rowing, and government is nor very good at this task. Privatization is a pragmatic policy for restoring government to its fundamental role, steering, while relying on the private sector to do the rowing. Privatization can be defined broadly as relying more on the private institutions of society and lesson government to satisfy people's needs. It is the act of reducing the role of government or increasing the role of the other institutions of society in producing goods and services and in owning property. In general, both the public and private sectors play important roles, and it is increasingly common to refer to ,,public-private partnerships'', a less contentious term than ,,privatization". A public-private partnership is defined as any arrangement between a government and the private sector in which partially or traditionally public activities are performed by the private sector.Straipsnio tikslas - aptarti teorines privatizacijos prielaidas. Straipsnyje, nagrinėjama bendra privatizacijos prielaidų charakteristika ir pačios privatizacijos esmė. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama privatizacijos veiksniams. Aptariamas kiekvieno šių veiksnių poveikis privatizacijai, taip pat skirtumas tarp visuomeninio ir privačiojo sektoriaus. Atskleidžiamas valstybinio sektoriaus vaidmuo planinės ir rinkos ekonomikos šalyse

Theory of privatization

The article presents the theoretical basis for privatisation. The vast jumble of goods and services can be sorted and classified according to two characteristics: exclusion and consumption. Goods and services are subject to exclusion if the potential user of the goods can be denied the goods or excluded from using them unless he meets the conditions set by the potential suppliers. The other relevant characteristic of goods and services has to do with consumption. Some goods may be used or consumed jointly and simultaneously by many customers without being diminished in quality or quantity, while other goods are available only for individual (rather then joint) consumption; that is, if they are used by one consumer, they are not available for consumption by other. Goods can be classified according to the degree to which they possess these two properties. The result is four idealised kinds of goods: individual goods (characterised by exclusion and individual consumption), toll goods (exclusion and joint consumption), common-pool goods (nonexclusion and individual consumption), and collective goods (nonexclusion and joint consumption). The resulting classification determines the roles of government and of the nongovernmental (private) institutions of society in supplying the goods and services. It examines the basic goods and services that people want and need and discusses the intrinsic characteristics that permit them to be categorised usefully as private, toll, common pool, or collective goods. It clarifies the role of collective action in supplying each of these kinds of goods.Straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti privatizacijos teorijos pagrindus. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas prekių ir paslaugų klasifikacijai pagal atskyrimo ir vartojimo kriterijus. Aptariamas kiekvieno kriterijaus poveikis privatizacijai. Dvi savybės – atskyrimas ir vartojimas – sudaro du diagramos matmenis ir yra pavaizduotos kaip kintami dydžiai. Analizuojamos pagrindinio diagramos modelio grynosios prekių formos: 1) individualios prekės (dažnai vadinamos privačiomis); 2) bendrai mokamos prekės; 3) visiems prieinamos prekės; 4) kolektyvinės prekės (dažnai vadinamos viešosiomis). Ši prekių klasifikacija rodo, kad prekės – privačios, neprivačios, bendros arba kolektyvinės – esmė apibrėžia vartotojų norą mokėti už ją. Prekės esmė taip pat nustato, reikia ar nereikia kolektyvinio tarpininkavimo tiekiant patenkinamos kokybės ir kiekybės prekes. Analizuojama, kokio dydžio turėtų būti kolektyvas, sprendžiantis kolektyvinių prekių naudojimą

The growth of government in USA

The article examines the size and growth of governments in the United States, The three different measures are used to define the size of government: the number or government units, their expenditures, and the number of people they employ. The number of different government units changes over time. The number of townships has been shrinking while the number of municipalities has been growing, an indication of increasing urbanization and the incorporation of previously unincorporated areas. The number of special districts shoes rapid growth, a reflection of the continuous creation of intergovernmental arrangements to perform various functions in metropolitan areas. As a result, and reversing a prolonged decline that resulted from the consolidation of school districts, the total number of government units is growing again. While the total number of governments has been growing slowly in recent decades, their expenditures have been growing rapidly. Total spending by all levels of government in the United States in 1996 was $2.993 trillion. This does not include "off-budget spending," that is, outstanding federal loans, guaranteed loans, and borrowing by federally sponsored enterprises. In less than 40 years, measured in constant dollars, expenditures have more than quadrupled, almost tripled on a per capita basis, and grown by more than half as a fraction of gross domestic product (GDP), to 32.2 percent. Another measure of the size and growth of government in the United States is the number of employees. In 1995, the number of full-time-equivalent employees, not counting the military, was 19.5 million, about 1 out of every 7 nonagricultural civilian workers. In the forty-five years between 1950 and 1995, the government workforce grew at a compounded annual rate of 2.8 percent, more than four times that of the population as a whole (0.6 percent) and more than thai of private-sector employment (2.1 percent). By 1992, more people were working in government than in manufacturing. Three major factors have contributed to the growth of government: (1) increased demand for government services, by current and would-be service recipients; (2) increased supply of government services, by serviceproduccrs; and (3) increased inefficiency, which results in more government staffing and spending to provide the same services. The demand for government services has increased for several reasons: demographic changes in the population; income growth; income-redistribution policies; the desire to rectify societal ills, avoid risk, and promote culture; fiscal illusion; and preservation of existing programs. Whereas increased demand provides the "pull" for more government services, the desire by producers to supply more services provides a "push." It means gaining votes, budgetary imperialism, enlarging campaign staffs, the problem-finding elite, the therapeutic state, command-and-control policies, government monopolies, employee voting, demand for government jobs and overproduction. A third major factor that accounts for the growth of government is growing inefficiency: spending more money and employing more people to do the same work (overstuffing, overpaying, overbuilding). The three factors discussed in article - recipient demands, producer pressure, and inefficiency - are closed linked. Governments grow in response to public demands, in response to the desires of service producers to supply more services, and as a consequence of inefficiency. If unchecked, these factors would lead lo an unstable and uncontrollable spiral of continued growth: the bigger the government, the greater force for even bigger government. Budgets would expand, resulting in the appointment of more officials and the hiring workers. The forecast would appear ominous: sooner or later, everyone will be working lor government and government will absorb and spend all of the nation's gross domestic product.Straipsnio tikslas - išnagrinėti Jungtinių Valstijų vyriausybės aparato dvdį ir jo plėtrą. Atskleidžiamos priežastys, turinčios įtakos vyriausybės aparato didėjimui, t. y. padidėjusi paslaugų paklausa, demografiniai pokyčiai, pajamų didėjimas, pajamų perskirstymas, specialių interesų tenkinimas ir kt