In vitro evaluation of fracture resistance of teeth restored with ceramic inlays by two undercut elimination techniques

"nBackground and Aim: Polymerization shrinkage of resin cements during setting leads to stress on teeth receiving indirect esthetic restorations. Some methods like blocking out undercuts during cavity preparation with glass Ionomer can reduce the mass of resin cement and therefore the amount of stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of molar teeth, receiving class I ceramic inlays with two different methods of blocking out undercut. "nMaterials and Methods: In this experimental study, thirty intact molar teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 10 each. One group was maintained intact as the control group. Similar class I cavities with identical undercuts were prepared on the other groups. In group 2 the undercut was filled with light cured glass Ionomer (vitremer 3M) before making impression, and in group 3 they were blocked out in the lab before preparation of the inlay. All the teeth in test groups were restored with indirect ceramic inlays.(vitadur - Alpha/ single bond / Rely X ARC). After thermocycling load causing fracture was assessed by universal testing machine. All the specimens were examined under a steriomicroscope (X40) to determine type of fracture. The results were analyzed by one way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. P< 0.05 was considered as the level of significance. "nResults: The restored groups showed significantly less fracture resistance than the control group. The difference between two test groups was not significant. The fracture in group2 had less destruction. "nConclusion: According to the findings of this study, blocking out the undercut with two different methods (using glass ionomer/ or blocking it out on the die) made no diferrence in fracture resistance

Influence of Thermal Oxidation Temperatures on the Structural and Morphological Properties of MoO3MoO_3 Thin Films

In this study, molybdenum (Mo) thin films have been deposited on Si substrate by dc magnetron sputtering. Then for preparation of $MoO_3$ thin films the thermal oxidation of Mo thin films under the oxygen flow was employed in the electrical furnace. The influence of the different thermal oxidation temperatures at 400, 600, 800 and 1000C on the structural and morphological properties of $MoO_3$ thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The results show that the crystallinity and surface morphology of the films are strongly dependent on the thermal oxidation temperatures

A Review of Thermal Conductivity Models for Nanofluids

Nanofluids, as new heat transfer fluids, are at the center of attention of researchers, while their measured thermal conductivities are more than for conventional heat transfer fluids. Unfortunately, conventional theoretical and empirical models cannot explain the enhancement of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Therefore, it is important to understand the fundamental mechanisms as well as the important parameters that influence the heat transfer in nanofluids. Nanofluids’ thermal conductivity enhancement consists of four major mechanisms: Brownian motion of the nanoparticle, nanolayer, clustering, and the nature of heat transport in the nanoparticles. Important factors that affect the thermal conductivity modeling of nanofluids are particle volume fraction, temperature, particles size, pH, and the size and property of nanolayer. In this paper, each mechanism is explained and proposed models are critically reviewed. It is concluded that there is a lack of a reliable hybrid model that includes all mechanisms and influenced parameters for thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Furthermore, more work needs to be conducted on the nature of heat transfer in nanofluids. A reliable database and experimental data are also needed on the properties of nanoparticles.http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uhte202016-09-30hb201