The production of AZ31 alloys by gas atomization method and Its characteristics

The aim of this study is to investigate the AZ31 alloy powder production and characterization processes experimentally using the gas atomization method. For this purpose, firstly, the design and production of gas atomization units were done at Karabuk University Faculty of Technology Department of Manufacturing Engineering. In this gas atomization unit, the manufacturability of AZ31 powder from magnesium alloys was investigated by the gas atomization method which is one of the production methods by powder metallurgy. The parameters and the literature used in the production of materials similar to the AZ31 alloy are taken into account as producibility parameters. In the gas atomization method, parameters such as nozzle diameter, gas pressure, and temperature must be controlled in order to produce the desired properties in metal powder production. The diameter of the nozzle is crucial because it affects the gas pressure and temperature, the size of the powder, and the shape of the powders. Experimental studies were carried out using 3 different temperatures (790, 820, and 850 degrees C), 4 different nozzle diameters (2, 3, 4, and 5 mm) and 4 different gas pressures (5, 15, 25, and 35 bar). In the molten metal atomization process and in the process of forming a protective gas atmosphere, argon gas was preferred. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the shape of the AZ31 powders produced, XRD, XRF, and SEM-EDX analyses were used to determine the phases in the internals of the produced powders and percentages of these phases. Laser measurement devices were used for powder size analysis and hardness tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the produced powders. The powders produced were pressed into masses at 4 different pressing pressures (300, 400, 500, and 600 MPa). The best sinterability values of the bulked powders and sintering process were performed at 3 different temperatures (500, 550, and 600 degrees C). Density measurements were made after pressing and sintering th

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field