How to Establish the Customs Union?: Experience of the European Communities

This presentation was commissioned by the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the Subregional Central America Meeting celebrated on June 13th and 14th, 2005 in San Salvador, El Salvador. This presentation covers the common customs tariff (CCT); other barriers on imports; trade coverage and trade liberalization in the Customs Union (CU);and experience of Poland joining the European Union (EU)

¿Cómo establecer una unión aduanera?: La experiencia de la Comunidad Europea

Esta presentación fue realizada en la Reunión Subregional de Centroamérica de la Red de Integración y Comercio del Diálogo Regional de Política para la celebrada los días 13 y 14 de junio de 2005 en San Salvador, El Salvador. Los temas son: la definición de unión aduanera (UA), el arancel aduanero común (AAC), otras barreras a las importaciones, cobertura del comercio dentro de la UA, la liberalización comercial en la UA, reglas de origen; la experiencia de Polonia al unirse a la UE y las instituciones y sus objetivos

¿Cómo establecer una unión aduanera?: La experiencia de la Comunidad Europea

Esta presentación fue realizada en la Reunión Subregional de Centroamérica de la Red de Integración y Comercio del Diálogo Regional de Política para la celebrada los días 13 y 14 de junio de 2005 en San Salvador, El Salvador. Los temas son: la definición de unión aduanera (UA), el arancel aduanero común (AAC), otras barreras a las importaciones, cobertura del comercio dentro de la UA, la liberalización comercial en la UA, reglas de origen; la experiencia de Polonia al unirse a la UE y las instituciones y sus objetivos.Integración y comercio, Unión Aduanera y Comercio Libre Customs Union and Free Trade

How to Establish the Customs Union?: Experience of the European Communities

This presentation was commissioned by the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the Subregional Central America Meeting celebrated on June 13th and 14th, 2005 in San Salvador, El Salvador. This presentation covers the common customs tariff (CCT); other barriers on imports; trade coverage and trade liberalization in the Customs Union (CU);and experience of Poland joining the European Union (EU).Integration & Trade, Customs Union and Free Trade Unión Aduanera y Libre Comercio

Creation of A Free Trade Area. Czechoslovakia - Hungary - Poland: Consequences for the Polish Economy

The aim of the paper is to assess the impact of the free trade area on the Polish national economy. The methodology of the research has been based on estimations of: Polish exporters' gains, Polish state revenue reductions, potential savings in the entire national economy due to a reduction in production costs. The latter is analysed using an input-output model. The findings indicate that participation in the free trade area will be beneficial for Poland.Free Trade Area; Liberalization; Systemic Transformation

Efficiency of Tool Steel Cutting by Water Jet with Recycled Abrasive Materials

High-pressure water jet machining is characterized by wide possibilities of cutting diverse materials together with multi-layer materials with dissimilar properties, accurate cutting complex profiles, as well as conducting them in uncommon conditions, especially in cases of thick materials. An additional advantage of water jet technology is its environmental friendliness. This paper presents tests of the cutting performance of tool steel with the use of an abrasive water jet (AWJ). The state-of-the-art has shown insufficient scientific evidence in AWJ tool steels cutting using recycled abrasive materials. Therefore, the main motivation for this paper was to carry out research from an environment aspect. The reuse of abrasives and the use of recycled materials have immense potential to reduce processing costs while remaining environmentally friendly. The RSM method was used for modeling and optimization. A response surface design (RSM) is a package of an advanced design-of-experiment (DOE) approaches that support better understanding and optimize response, exploring the relationships between several explanatory variables and one or more response variables. Based on this research, feed rate is the key factor influencing the depth of cut, while the water nozzle diameter has a secondary effect, and the concentration of abrasive has the least influence on the depth of cut. High level of variance (the percentage of variability in the reaction that is interpreted by the formula) confirms that the models fit well to the investigational data