TRENDS IN ADVANCED HIV DISEASE AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF HIVINFECTED CHILDREN TREATED WITH ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA: 2003-2017

Despite the over 10-years’ experience providing pediatric antiretroviral therapy(ART) and implementing different WHO guidelines, data on updated trends (after 2010) in advanced disease at ART start, and on long-term survival of children receiving ART are scarce. Without these data, the impact of recent WHO guidelines on early treatment initiation and long-term survival remains unclear. First, we examined trends in advanced disease at ART start, then described 10-year survival and investigated risk factors of early mortality in children treated with ART and lastly examined the association between rapid ART initiation and outcomes (mortality and loss to follow-up) of HIV infected. We studied children (0-14 years) with HIV who initiated ART at seven Baylor International Pediatric AIDS initiative supported clinics in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Uganda. For the first aim, we conducted a pooled cross sectional study of children (N=20,605) who initiated ART between 2003 and 2017. We examined the linear trends in the proportion of children with advanced disease (over seven periods of ART initiation 8 corresponding to WHO guideline implementation period) using the Cochran-Armitage test for trend. For the second aim, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of children (N=18,010) who initiated ART between 2003 and 2017. We estimated 10-year survival using the Kaplan Meier approach and assessed risk factors of early mortality using Cox proportional hazard regression. For the third aim, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of children (N=3,299) who initiated ART between 2014 and 2017. We examined the association between rapid ART initiation and outcomes of children using sub-distribution hazard regression for competing risks, treating death and loss to follow-up as competing risks. Between 2003-2017, the proportion of children initiating ART with advanced disease declined among ages 5-9 years (58.3% to 39.9%; p\u3c0.01) and 10-14 years (61.9% to 38.1%; p\u3c0.01), remained the same for ages \u3c2 years (72.7% to 70.6%; p=0.1), and increased for ages 2 4 years (59.4% to 62.3%; p\u3c0.01). 10-year survival probability %( 95%CI) was 88.9 (88.3-89.5) overall, 83.7 (82.5-84.8) in children aged \u3c2 years, 91.9 (90.7-93.0) in those 2-4 years, 92.6 (91.5-93.6) in 5-9 years and 88.8 (9 87.2-90.2) in 10-14 years. Half of the deaths occurred within 6–months of therapy. The risk factors of mortality were: baseline age \u3c2 years (aHR 1.41(95% CI: 1.11-1.79) compared to 10-14 years; WHO stage 4 (aHR 2.95(95% CI 2.33-2.72) and stage 3 (aHR 1.36(95% CI: 1.06-1.73) compared to stage 1 and 2 disease; severe (aHR=6.71, 95% CI 5.29-8.52) and moderate (aHR=2.64, 95% CI 1.90-3.66) immune suppression compared to no/mild immune suppression; and severe underweight (aHR 1.84 (95% CI 1.48-2.29) compared to normal weight-for-age. The risk of mortality was similar between children who initiated ART on the same-day [adjusted sub distributional hazard risk (aSHR) =1.10, 95% CI 0.79, 1.75] and those who initiated within 2-7 days (aSHR=1.05, 95% CI 0.77, 1.43) compared to those who initiated within 8-90 days. The risk of LTFU was higher in children who initiated ART on the 9 same day (aSHR=1.86, 95% CI 1.39, 2.49) and those who initiated within 2-7 days (aSHR=1.83, 95% CI 1.38, 2.43) compared to those who initiated within 8-90 days. The proportion of children with HIV aged 5-14 years who initiate ART with advanced disease has reduced, and long-term survival in those treated with ART is good. However, nearly two-thirds of children aged \u3c5 years are still initiating ART with advanced disease, early mortality is high, and disease severity characteristics were associated with a higher risk of early mortality. A significant proportion of those who initiate ART rapidly is lost to follow-up. While programs can use the good survival outcome to motivate caretaker to test and initiate ART early in children, more work is required to diagnose, initiate and keep children with HIV in care

Outcomes of HIV exposed infants before and after implementing Option B+ prevention of mother to child HIV transmission guidelines in Mulago Hospital, Uganda: A retrospective cohort study

Background: To assess the impact of Option B+ on the 18- month’s outcomes of HIV-exposed infants (HEI), we compared the cumulative incidence of HIV infection, loss to follow-up (LTFU) and death in HEI before and after implementing Option B+. We also compared combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation proportions among HIV-infected infants and determined factors associated with mother to child HIV transmission during Option B+. Methods: We retrospectively analysed routine data from HEI at Mulago Hospital, Uganda. We compared estimated cumulative incidence of HIV infection, LTFU and death for HEI born from July 2010–June 2011 (Option A cohort) and July 2013-June 2014 (Option B+ cohort), accounting for competing risks. We used Fisher’s exact test to compare cART initiation proportions between the two cohorts. Competing risks regression model by Fine and Gray (1999) was adopted to determine predictors of MTCT during Option B+. Results: There were 2203(Option A) and 1571(Option B+) HEI enrolled at median age of 6.3 weeks. The 18-month cumulative incidence of HIV infection were similarly low when comparing Option A to Option B cohorts, 5.1% (95% CI: 4.3%, 6.2%) Vs 4.3% (95% CI: 3.3%, 5.5%) respectively p=0.2. LTFU were similar, Option A: 30.3% (95%CI: 28.4%, 32.3%) Vs. Option B+ 28.4% (95%CI: 26.2, 30.7) p=0.06. Cumulative incidence death during Option A was 0.9 % (95% CI: 0.5%, 1.5%) Vs. 1.4% (95% CI: 0.8%, 2.2%) during Option B+ (p=0.3). cART initiation proportion was higher during Option B+ [88% (51/58) vs. 74% (72/97); p=0.04]. Mothers or infants not receiving ARVs for PMTCT were associated with MTCT, Adjusted Hazard Ratio: 16.3(95%CI: 7.6, 34.6) and 2.3(95%CI: 1.03, 4.95) respectively. Conclusion: Outcomes of HIV-exposed infants at 18-months of life before and after implementing Option B+ were similar; however, the cART initiation in HIV-infected infants was better. Mothers or infants not receiving ARV’s predicted MTCT during Option B+. LTFU remains high and should be addressed

High Asymptomatic Carriage With the Omicron Variant in South Africa

We report a 23% asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) Omicron carriage rate in participants being enrolled into a clinical trial in South Africa, 15-fold higher than in trials before Omicron. We also found lower CD4 + T-cell counts in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strongly correlated with increased odds of being SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive