Common Learning with Intertemporal Dependence

Consider two agents who learn the value of an unknown parameter by observing a sequence of private signals. Will the agents commonly learn the value of the parameter, i.e., will the true value of the parameter become approximate common-knowledge? If the signals are independent and identically distributed across time (but not necessarily across agents), the answer is yes (Cripps, Ely, Mailath, and Samuelson, 2008). This paper explores the implications of allowing the signals to be dependent over time. We present a counterexample showing that even extremely simple time dependence can preclude common learning, and present sufficient conditions for common learning.Common learning, common belief, private signals, private beliefs

Common Learning

Consider two agents who learn the value of an unknown parameter by observing a sequence of private signals. The signals are independent and identically distributed across time but not necessarily across agents. We show that that when each agent's signal space is finite, the agents will commonly learn its value, i.e., that the true value of the parameter will become approximate common-knowledge. In contrast, if the agents' observations come from a countably infinite signal space, then this contraction mapping property fails. We show by example that common learning can fail in this case.Common learning, common belief, private signals, private beliefs

Common Learning

Consider two agents who learn the value of an unknown parameter by observing a sequence of private signals. The signals are independent and identically distributed across time but not necessarily across agents. We show that that when each agent's signal space is finite, the agents will commonly learn its value, i.e., that the true value of the parameter will become approximate common-knowledge. In contrast, if the agents' observations come from a countably infinite signal space, then this contraction mapping property fails. We show by example that common learning can fail in this case.Common learning, Common belief, Private signals, Private beliefs

Regionalism and American Legal History: The Southern Experience

Commentators surprisingly have failed to focus on the influence of regionalism in the development of American law. To be sure, numerous books and articles examine state law and its local application or explore the treatment by several states of a particular legal concept or category of laws. But attempts to define regional attitudes toward law or to analyze regional differences in legal practice are almost nonexistent. So foreign has the topic of regionalism been to scholarship in American legal history that Lawrence Friedman\u27s acclaimed synthesis, A History of American Law,\u27 contains no discussion of regionalism or its close relative,sectionalism. Even now, no comprehensive study treats the law of any region in the country, including the South, despite countless regional studies by scholars from many disciplines. This omission has not gone without notice. As early as 1950 James Willard Hurst called for greater attention to regional and state legal history. In 1982 Hurst declared that it is only within recent years that students of legal history have begun to explore ways in which legal doctrine and uses of law may have shaped or responded to sectional experiences and patterns different from or in tension with interests taking place on a national scale.\u27 Still,many topics remain unexplored, and historians have not developed any central themes to guide a regional approach to legal history.The purpose of this Article is to make a modest beginning in this direction

Just how hot are the ω\omega Centauri extreme horizontal branch pulsators?

Past studies based on optical spectroscopy suggest that the five $\omega$ Cen pulsators form a rather homogeneous group of hydrogen-rich subdwarf O stars with effective temperatures of around 50 000 K. This places the stars below the red edge of the theoretical instability strip in the log $g$ $-$ Teff diagram, where no pulsation modes are predicted to be excited. Our goal is to determine whether this temperature discrepancy is real, or whether the stars' effective temperatures were simply underestimated. We present a spectral analysis of two rapidly pulsating extreme horizontal branch (EHB) stars found in $\omega$ Cen. We obtained Hubble Space Telescope/COS UV spectra of two $\omega$ Cen pulsators, V1 and V5, and used the ionisation equilibrium of UV metallic lines to better constrain their effective temperatures. As a by-product we also obtained FUV lightcurves of the two pulsators. Using the relative strength of the N IV and N V lines as a temperature indicator yields Teff values close to 60 000 K, significantly hotter than the temperatures previously derived. From the FUV light curves we were able to confirm the main pulsation periods known from optical data. With the UV spectra indicating higher effective temperatures than previously assumed, the sdO stars would now be found within the predicted instability strip. Such higher temperatures also provide consistent spectroscopic masses for both the cool and hot EHB stars of our previously studied sample.Comment: 9 pages, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Melalui Tipe Stad Pada Pembelajaran Akuntansi Kelas X

This study aims to determine improving student learning outcomes through the implementation Sudent type of class X Teams Achievement Division PM 1 SMK Negeri 1 Pontianak. This research is the Classroom Action Research berkaloborasi with teachers accounting subjects were held for two cycles. Data collection techniques used are tests and observation. Based on the research results, that type of Student Teams Achievement Division can improve student learning outcomes in accounting learning class X PM 1 SMK Negeri 1 Pontianak evidenced by the increase in the number of students who meet the KKM. In the first cycle, students who achieve KKM as much as 32%, in the second cycle as much as 71%. In addition, students also seen increased activity in the first cycle of 63.2% in the second cycle of 81.6% during the learning process

Pilot Testing Behavior Therapy for Chronic Tic Disorders in Neurology and Developmental Pediatrics Clinics

Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) is an efficacious treatment with limited regional availability. As neurology and pediatric clinics are often the first point of therapeutic contact for individuals with tics, the present study assessed preliminary treatment response, acceptability, and feasibility of an abbreviated version, modified for child neurology and developmental pediatrics clinics. Fourteen youth (9-17) with Tourette disorder across 2 child neurology clinics and one developmental pediatrics clinic participated in a small case series. Clinician-rated tic severity (Yale Global Tic Severity Scale) decreased from pre- to posttreatment, z = –2.0, P \u3c .05, r = –.48, as did tic-related impairment, z = –2.4, P \u3c .05, r = –.57. Five of the 9 completers (56%) were classified as treatment responders. Satisfaction ratings were high, and therapeutic alliance ratings were moderately high. Results provide guidance for refinement of this modified CBIT protocol