Evaluation of Biochemical Parameters for Sickle Cell Anemic Children at Kassala City, Eastern Sudan

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited disease caused by gene mutation. Many investigators reported that Eastern Sudan has rich SCD and also an association with biochemical parameters such as liver and renal function tests. Objective: The present study was to assess the plasma biochemical parameters such as urea, creatinine and sodium (Na) and potassium (K) total protein, albumin, Bilirubin, Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in SCD as case group and apparently healthy persons as control group. Materials and Methods:The study was conducted at Kassala Teaching Hospital, Kassala city, Eastern Sudan. This study was carried during December 2019 to January 2020. A total of 100 subjects enrolled in this study, 50 patients with SCD as case group and 50 apparently healthy as control group. The plasma biochemical parameters were estimated using Biosystem-350(Semi automated chemistry analyzer), and plasma Na and K were estimated using Easylyte. The data was analyzed using SPSS version (23). Results:Study populations were matched age and sex, the age ranged from 5 to 15 years with their average age 8years. The plasma Na was insignificance difference in case compared to control group. The plasma K, urea and creatinine (p=0.039) were significantly increase compared to control group. Also the plasma total protein, albumin, Bilirubin, creatinine, AST, ALT and ALP were significantly increase in case group compared to control group. The age was strong association into plasma urea(r=0.583, p=.000) and plasma crearinine (r=0.759, p=.000). The negative correlation between plasma Na and plasma urea (r= -.335, p=0.017). There was positive correlation between plasma urea and creatinine (r=0.332, p=0.018).  Their strong association between plasma Bilirubin and ALP activity (r= .563, P=.000), and also their strongly association between liver enzymes plasma level among SCD patients (r=.873, 381, 563, P= .000, .006, 000). Conclusion:The study concluded that, significance increased in plasma K, urea creatinine, plasma total protein, and albumin, Bilirubin, AST, ALT and ALP. Strong association between age and    plasma urea, creatinine, and the negative correlation between plasma Na and plasma urea and also positive correlation between plasma urea and creatinine. There were positive correlation between plasma urea and creatinine.  Their strong association between plasma bilirubin and ALP levels and also their strongly association between liver enzymes levels among SCD patients. Observation of the study concludes the biochemical abnormality play a significant role in sickle cell patient’s physiopathology and can be used to management of the disease

The Effect of Electric Shocks Produced by Various Amperes and Voltages on Larvae of Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera, Culicidae).

      This study was carried to determine the response of Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae when exposed to electric shocks. Karkoug village was chosen for collection of Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes (larvae). The collected larvae were immediately transferred to the University of Gezira, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Basic Science Laboratory, where the tests were run. The electric shocks were performed by using a current of 1, 2, and 3 amperes by using a power supply (Popular, PE-23005, Made in India). The voltages used in each experiment were, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 volts. The duration of the electric shock was 2 minutes. These tests were repeated for three times and the average was subjected to probit analysis. The results showed that, changing of the electric current from 1, 2 to 3 amperes was associated with the decreases of Lethal Electric Shocks of 50% of the population form 31.468, 26.488 and 27.357 volts, respectively on Anopheles larvae, while they were 29.04, 28.58, and 25.65 volts, on Culex larvae. Culex larvae were more susceptible to the electric shocks than Anopheles larvae. The electric shocks also shortened the life span of the produced adults of both Culex and Anopheles. Also, the electric shocks induced a state of sterility (fail to reproduce) on the subjected species

Out-of-Wedlock Pregnancy Among Single Mothers in Khartoum, Sudan: Sociodemographic Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences

Background: Out-of-wedlock childbearing is a global phenomenon that has lifelong consequences on the lives of both mothers and their children. The aim of this study is to identify the sociodemographic characteristics, causes, and consequences of outof- wedlock pregnancy among single mothers in Khartoum, Sudan.Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Mygoma Orphanage Center (MOC) and Shamaa Rehabilitation Center (SRC) using convenience sampling among 200 participants. A validated questionnaire with 25 items was used to collect data. The data were entered into Epi-Data Manager and analyzed using the SPSS. Results: The study found that most of the single mothers in Khartoum who gave birth out of wedlock were young and had just completed their university education. Most of them discovered their pregnancy during the second or third trimester, and nearly half of them did not receive any antenatal care. The majority of the children born to these mothers were preterm and had a low birth weight. Additionally, many mothers reported experiencing social stigma and rejection from their families due to their out-of-wedlock pregnancy. The study also highlighted loneliness, stress, and romantic relations as the main causes of out-of-wedlock pregnancy among single mothers in Khartoum, Sudan.Conclusion: The study provides useful insights into the sociodemographic characteristics, causes, and consequences of out-of-wedlock pregnancy among single mothers in Khartoum, Sudan. Social stigma and lack of support were identified as significant barriers to the reintegration of single mothers and their children into society. Future research should focus on investigating the long-term effects of outof- wedlock pregnancy on mothers and their children