Extraction and Antioxidant Activity Test of Black Sumatran Incense

Benzoin absolute essential oil is a high-value oleoresin derived from the dried sap of the Styrax benzoin tree. One type of Styrax benzoin traded in Indonesia is black Sumatran incense. Reflux extraction method with ethanol is used to gain the benzoin absolute essential oil. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antioxidant activity of benzoin absolute essential oil produced using ethanol reflux extraction. Antioxidant test showed that black Sumatran Incense has active antioxidant properties with IC50 value is 90.03; the antioxidant activity shows potential alternative utilization of this essential oil industry, especially those derived from incense resin and its derivatives

Selective Polarity-guided Extraction and Purification of Acetogenins in Annona muricata L. Leaves

Herein is described the selective polar-guided extraction and column chromatography separation of annonaceous acetogenins from the leaves of Annona muricata L., commonly known as soursop. The objective of this study is to obtain an acetogenin-rich fraction, containing mainly annonacin, known to be present in the highest amount in soursop leaves. Solvents with various polarities (ethyl acetate, hexane, chloroform, ethanol, water) and their mixtures were used in the extraction, fractionation, and isolation steps. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the isolate sample showed that annonacin, having a molecular mass of 597.23, is the dominant acetogenin present. The amount of acetogenin isolated from the soursop leaf samples was 242 mg/g, based on the total lactone determination using the Kedde reagent. The cytotoxicity activity of the isolate sample was determined using the brine shrimp test. This study shows that there is a positive correlation between lactone content due to acetogenins and the level of cytotoxicity in the fractions obtained. The low LC50 value of 1 ppm showed a significant cytotoxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained, higher than cytotoxicity of cancer drug cyclophosphamide. High lactone content and a high cytotoxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction indicate the potential of A. muricata leaves as the source of bioactive compounds for anti-cancer treatment

Optimization of Chitosan–Alginate Microparticles for Delivery of Mangostins to the Colon Area Using Box–Behnken Experimental Design

Chitosan-alginate microparticles loaded with hydrophobic mangostins present in the mangosteen rind extract have been formulated and optimized for colon-targeted bioactive drug delivery systems. The chitosan–mangostin microparticles were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method with sodium tripolyphosphate as the cross-linking agent of chitosan. The chitosan–mangostin microparticles were then encapsulated in alginate with calcium chloride as the linking agent. The mangostin release profile was optimized using the Box–Behnken design for response surface methodology with three independent variables: (A) chitosan–mangostin microparticle size, (B) alginate:chitosan mass ratio, and (C) concentration of calcium chloride. The following representative equation was obtained: percent cumulative release of mangostins (10 h) = 59.51 − 5.16A + 20.00B − 1.27C − 1.70AB − 5.43AC − 5.04BC + 0.0579A2 + 10.25B2 + 1.10C2. Cumulative release of 97% was obtained under the following optimum condition for microparticle preparation: chitosan–mangosteen particle size < 100 µm, alginate:chitosan mass ratio of 0.5, and calcium chloride concentration of 4% w/v. The alginate to chitosan mass ratio is the statistically significant variable in the optimization of sequential release profile of mangostins in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Furthermore, a sufficient amount of alginate is necessary to modify the chitosan microparticles and to achieve a complete release of mangostins. The results of this work indicate that the complete release of mangostins to the colon area can be achieved using the chitosan–alginate microparticles as the bioactive delivery system

Formulation and characterization of nanoemulgel mangosteen extract in virgin coconut oil for topical formulation

A hydrogel of nanoemulsion system containing mangosteen extract of mangosteen rind was developed and characterized for the purpose of topical formulation. Mangostins, the bioactive in the extract, has been known to have biological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral and antitumoral. Due to the hydrophobic nature of mangostins, they can not to be directly formulated into a gel. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions were formulated of virgin coconut oil (VCO) as the oil phase and mixed surfactant consisting of Tween 80 and Span 80, using the high-speed homogenization method. Nanoemulgel formed by mixing the nanoemulsion with aqueous solution of xanthan gum, and added phenoxyethanol as a preservative, was a homogeneous milky white gel. The stability test through accelerated centrifugation and freeze-thaw cycle showed that the nanoemulgel would be stable for at least one year. The nanoemulgel penetrated the skin layer up to 12 μg/cm2 or more than 95% of its total mangostin content, better than the skin penetration result of the nanoemulsion formulation. The present study revealed that VCO-mangostins nanoemulgel formulation is a prospective topical formulation

Deacidification of Palm Oil Using Betaine Monohydrate-Carboxylic Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents: Combined Extraction and Simple Solvent Recovery

Steam stripping is commonly used to remove free fatty acids from crude palm oil. An alternative deacidification method, solvent extraction performed at a much lower temperature, would preserve the natural antioxidants in the refined palm oil. In this work, palmitic acid was extracted using betaine monohydrate-propionic acid and betaine monohydrate-acetic acid deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The effect of temperature (40 °C to 80 °C), mass ratio of palm oil to solvent (2:1 to 1:2), and palmitic acid content in the palm oil feed (2% to 8% mass) on the distribution coefficient values of palmitic acid (0.44–0.93) was investigated. For the first time, a facile recovery of DESs could be accomplished by a cooling process where up to 98% of the palmitic acid separates as solid. A solvent extraction process for palm oil deacidification, employing a DES with a distribution coefficient value much higher than unity, will provide advantages over the steam stripping process

Cyclic Voltammetry and Oxidation Rate Studies of Ferrous Gluconate Complex Solutions for Preparation of Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Microparticles

A proper understanding of the properties of iron could increase the effectiveness of programmes for alleviating iron deficiency. Recently, encapsulation has been considered an appropriate method for protecting iron from injurious reactions. However, several events may occur during encapsulation processes, including changes in the iron’s oxidation state. Oxidation of ferrous iron is not desirable since the intestines can only absorb iron in the ferrous form. In this study, a cyclic voltammetry method was applied to investigate the likelihood of ferrous gluconate oxidation for the preparation of chitosan-tripolyphosphate microparticles. Then, the electrochemical properties of ferrous gluconate were confirmed experimentally. The oxidation rate of ferrous gluconate is also discussed in this paper. All the experimental solutions were formulated in detail to produce conditions similar to those of microparticle production. Cyclic voltammetry analysis was conducted using a configuration of three electrodes connected to an electrochemical analyser. Graphite, platinum wire, and Ag/AgCl were employed as the auxiliary, working, and reference electrodes, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry results show that the observed potential for each anodic peak shifted negatively in the presence of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. Moreover, the rate of ferrous oxidation tended to increase during 75 min of experiments due to the presence of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. These behaviours indicate the transformation of ferrous iron to ferric iron during iron microparticle preparation. Furthermore, these findings suggest that spray drying is a preferable method to minimise the oxidation reaction

Magnetic Field Effects on CaCO3 Precipitation Process in Hard Water

Magnetic treatment is applied as physical water treatment for scale prevention especially CaCO3, from hard water in piping equipment by reducing its hardness.Na2CO3 and CaCl2 solution sample was used in to investigate the magnetic fields influence on the formation of particle of CaCO3. By changing the strength of magnetic fields, exposure time and concentration of samples solution, this study presents quantitative results of total scale deposit, total precipitated CaCO3 and morphology of the deposit. This research was run by comparing magnetically and non-magnetically treated&nbsp; samples. The results showed an increase of deposits formation rate and total number of precipitated CaCO3 of magnetically treated samples. The increase of concentration solution sample will also raised the deposit under magnetic&nbsp; field. Microscope images showed a greater number but smaller size of CaCO3 deposits form in magnetically treated samples, and aggregation during the processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that magnetically samples were dominated by calcite. But, there was a significant decrease of calcite’s peak intensities from magnetized&nbsp; samples that indicated the decrease of the amount of calcite and an increase of total amorphous of deposits. This result&nbsp; showed that magnetization of hard water leaded to the decreasing of ion Ca2+ due to the increasing of total CaCO3 precipitation process.<br