Effect of intraperitoneally (IP) injected Wy-14643 on meal pattern.

<p>IP administered Wy-14643 (40 mg/kg/ml) on meal patterns in ad libitum HFD-fed rats (n = 23). Wy-14643 increased the latency of the first meal (<b>A</b>) and decreased the second meal size (<b>E</b>), but did not significantly affect first meal size and duration (<b>B</b>, <b>C</b>), intermeal interval (<b>D</b>) and second meal duration (<b>F</b>). Data for first meal size are presented as median with percentiles and were analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Results for the other parameters (latency to eat, first meal duration, second meal size and duration) are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using a paired <i>t</i>-test. ** Significant difference (<i>P</i> < 0.01) compared to vehicle.</p

Effect of intraperitoneally (IP) injected Wy-14643 on food intake.

<p>(<b>A</b>) IP injected Wy-14643 (10, 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg/ml) dose-dependently reduced cumulative food intake (FI) in ad libitum HFD-fed rats (n=23). * Less than vehicle (<i>P</i> < 0.05), ** less than vehicle (<i>P</i> < 0.01), Mann-Whitney U test. (<b>B</b>) IP administered Wy-14643 (40 mg/kg/ml, n=10) did not reduce saccharin solution intake (% of total fluid intake) vs. water in a two-bottle preference test, whereas LiCl (60 mg/kg in 9.4 ml/kg H₂O, n = 3) did. The height of each bar represents the median and the top and bottom of each bar shows 75th and 25th percentile respectively. * Significantly different from vehicle (<i>P</i> = 0.05).</p

Effect of intraperitoneal (IP) administration of Wy-14643 on the protein expression pattern.

<p>Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT 1A) (top), mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMG-CoAS2) (bottom) and β-actin in the liver (A), the duodenum (B) and the jejunum (C) were analyzed by Western blotting 1h after IP administration of Wy-14643 (40 mg/kg/ml). Panels below the graphs show representative blots; upper panels show quantification of protein levels after normalization to β-actin. Data are presented relative to the vehicle (100%) and each bar represent median with 25th/75th percentiles (* <i>P</i><0.05; Mann-Whitney U test).</p

Effect of intraperitoneal (IP) administration of Wy-14643 on energy homeostasis.

<p>Respiratory quotient (<b>A</b>), spontaneous locomotor activity (<b>B</b>), energy expenditure and body temperature (<b>C</b>, <b>D</b>) were assessed during 12 h following IP administration of Wy-14643 (40 mg/kg/ml). * and** significantly different from vehicle (*<i>P</i> < 0.05, **<i>P</i> < 0.01; Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, data presented as median with 25th/75th percentiles.</p

Effects of intraperitoneal (IP) administration of Wy-14643 on lipid droplets.

<p>The picture shows a representative photographic representation of lipid droplets (green) within the cytosol (pink) of the intestinal mucosa of the jejunum (<b>A</b>) of a rat treated with IP Wy-14643 (40 mg/kg/ml, right) or vehicle (1 ml/kg, DMSO: saline 70:30, left) (Color: blue = nuclei). Each bar represent median with 25th/75th percentiles of 19 rat of the number of lipid droplets (<b>B</b>) within the cytosol [cytosol expressed as area per pixel (px²)] and the area occupied by lipid droplets (<b>C</b>) of the liver and intestinal mucosa in percent. * Significantly different from vehicle (<i>P</i>< 0.05).</p

Effects of intraperitoneal (IP) administration of Wy-14643 on plasma metabolites.

<p>β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (<b>A</b>) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) (<b>B</b>) levels were assessed 45 min before (baseline), 35 and 70 min after treatment (Wy-14643, 40 mg/kg/ml) and 3g HFD test meal. ** Significant difference compared to vehicle (<i>P</i> < 0.01; Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, data are presented as median with 25th/75th percentiles.</p