Calibration-free Text Entry Using Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements

In this paper, we propose a calibration-free gaze-based text entry system that uses smooth pursuit eye movements. We report on our implementation, which improves over prior work on smooth pursuit text entry by 1) eliminating the need of calibration using motion correlation, 2) increasing input rate from 3.34 to 3.41 words per minute, 3) featuring text suggestions that were trained on 10,000 lexicon sentences recommended in the literature. We report on a user study (N=26) which shows that users are able to eye type at 3.41 words per minutes without calibration and without user training. Qualitative feedback also indicates that users positively perceive the system. Our work is of particular benefit for disabled users and for situations when voice and tactile input are not feasible (e.g., in noisy environments or when the hands are occupied)

Are Thermal Attacks Ubiquitous? When Non-Expert Attackers Use Off the Shelf Thermal Cameras

Recent work showed that using image processing techniques on thermal images taken by high-end equipment reveals passwords entered on touchscreens and keyboards. In this paper, we investigate the susceptibility of common touch inputs to thermal attacks when non-expert attackers visually inspect thermal images. Using an off-the-shelf thermal camera, we collected thermal images of a smartphone's touchscreen and a laptop's touchpad after 25 participants had entered passwords using touch gestures and touch taps. We show that visual inspection of thermal images by 18 participants reveals the majority of passwords. Touch gestures are more vulnerable to thermal attacks (60.65% successful attacks) than touch taps (23.61%), and attacks against touchscreens are more accurate than on touchpads (87.04% vs 56.02%). We discuss how the affordability of thermal attacks and the nature of touch interactions make the threat ubiquitous, and the implications this has on security

Passphrases Beat Thermal Attacks: Evaluating Text Input Characteristics Against Thermal Attacks on Laptops and Smartphones

We investigate the effectiveness of thermal attacks against input of text with different characteristics; we study text entry on a smartphone touchscreen and a laptop keyboard. First, we ran a study (N = 25) to collect a dataset of thermal images of short words, websites, complex strings (special characters, numbers, letters), passphrases and words with duplicate characters. Afterwards, 20 different participants visually inspected the thermal images to attempt to identify the text input. We found that long and complex strings are less vulnerable to thermal attacks, that visual inspection of thermal images reveals different parts of the entered text (36% on average and up to 82%) even if the attack is not fully successful, and that entering text on laptops is more vulnerable to thermal attacks than on smartphones. We conclude with three learned lessons and recommendations to resist thermal attacks

Sleep quality assessment using polysomnography in children on regular hemodialysis

Studies examining sleep patterns in children on hemodialysis (HD) are lacking. This cross-sectional, control-matched group study was performed to assess the sleep quality in children on HD. The assessment was made using a subjective sleep assessment and sleep questionnaire and objective analysis was made using full night polysomnography. A total of 25 children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on HD were compared with 15 age- and sex-matched controls. The average age of the cases was 14 ± 4 years, 52% were males and the mean body mass index was 20 ± 3.8 kg/m². The average duration on dialysis was 2.6 ± 2 years. Analysis of subjective data revealed markedly affected sleep quality in HD patients, as evidenced by excessive day time sleepiness (P <0.005), night awakening (P <0.005), difficult morning arousal (P <0.005) and limb pains (P <0.005). Objective analysis showed differences in sleep architecture, less slow wave sleep in HD children, similar rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement, more sleep disordered breathing (P <0.0001) and more periodic limb movement disorders (P <0.0001). Our study suggests that children on regular HD have markedly affected objective as well as subjective quality of sleep