The ICD-9 codes used to describe ILI symptoms (NOS = Not otherwise specified).

<p>The ICD-9 codes used to describe ILI symptoms (NOS = Not otherwise specified).</p

ILI nowcasting results (current week) for six geolocations estimated using cross-validation over four years (2011–2014).

<p>Models: AdaBoost, SVM with a linear kernel, and LSTM. Metrics: Pearson correlation (CORR), RMSPE (%), MAPE (%), and RMSE. The highest performance results within each datatype are highlighted in bold.</p

Tweet distribution across geolocations.

<p>The number of tweets collected within a 25-mile radius of military installations for 31 geolocations.</p

Tweet distribution across geolocations.

<p>The number of tweets collected within a 25-mile radius of military installations for 31 geolocations.</p

Location-specific ILI dynamics.

<p>Weekly ILI proportions between 2011 and 2014 for six example geolocations.</p

True vs. predicted ILI proportions (real-time current week estimates) as a function of time (2011–2014) for six geolocations.

<p>We plot true ILI proportions (True), predictions from social media (tweet and network) features (SM), and predictions from ILI historical data (ILI) obtained using LSTM model.</p

ILI prediction results for 31 geolocations estimated using MAPE for nowcasting (this week) and forecasting (one and two weeks).

<p>Locations with min and max MAPE scores are underlined.</p

True vs. predicted ILI dynamics one week in advance as a function of time in 2014 for 31 geolocations.

<p>We plot true ILI values (True), one week forecasts obtained using social media features only (SM), ILI historical data (ILI), and combined ILI + SM data (ILISM).</p

ILI nowcasting results for six geolocations obtained using SMOnly model trained on nine types of social media signals.

<p>We contrast Pearson and RMSE for six geolocations. Locations with labels show the best (embeddings, unigrams, hashtags and mentions), on the right from the dotted vertical line, and the worst (stylistic and topics) social media signals.</p

ILI prediction results for 31 geolocations estimated using RMSPE for nowcasting (this week) and forecasting (one and two weeks in advance).

<p>Locations with min and max correlations are underlined.</p