A benchmarking model for measuring the efficiency of a humanitarian aid program: a case study of an international NGO

This article presents a benchmarking model for measuring the efficiency of organizations that provide humanitarian aid. The model was developed and implemented in the framework of a large international aid program. The model is based on measuring the labor productivity of each organization that provides services and comparing it to the benchmark. Two main results came out from the estimation of the model: (a) there were positive economies of scale in the program meaning that larger organizations were inherently more efficient than smaller ones; (b) the source of the inefficiency was identified, not in the administrative part of the organization, but rather in the programmatic part.NGO; efficiency; cost-effectiveness; productivity

2D CFT blocks for the 4D class Sk\mathcal{S}_k theories

This is the first in a series of papers on the search for the 2D CFT description of a large class of 4D $\mathcal{N} = 1$ gauge theories. Here, we identify the 2D CFT symmetry algebra and its representations, namely the conformal blocks of the Virasoro/W-algebra, that underlie the 2D theory and reproduce the Seiberg-Witten curves of the $\mathcal{N} = 1$ gauge theories. We find that the blocks corresponding to the SU(N) $\mathcal{S}_k$ gauge theories involve fields in certain non-unitary representations of the $W_{kN}$ algebra. These conformal blocks give a prediction for the instanton partition functions of the 4D $\mathcal{N} = 1$ SCFTs of class $\mathcal{S}_k$.Comment: 42 pages,5 figure

Exact Bremsstrahlung and Effective Couplings

We calculate supersymmetric Wilson loops on the ellipsoid for a large class of $\mathcal{N}=2$ SCFT using the localization formula of Hama and Hosomichi. From them we extract the radiation emitted by an accelerating heavy probe quark as well as the entanglement entropy following the recent works of Lewkowycz-Maldacena and Fiol-Gerchkovitz-Komargodski. Comparing our results with the $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM ones, we obtain interpolating functions $f(g^2)$ such that a given $\mathcal{N}=2$ SCFT observable is obtained by replacing in the corresponding $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM result the coupling constant by $f(g^2)$. These "exact effective couplings" encode the finite, relative renormalization between the $\mathcal{N}=2$ and the $\mathcal{N}=4$ gluon propagator, they interpolate between the weak and the strong coupling. We discuss the range of their applicability.Comment: 16 pages, 10 pages appendices, 4 figures. v2, journal versio

Guidelines for the preparation of budgets in not-for-profit organizations

In the absence of clear and acceptable measures for outcomes, the budget is probably the most important managerial tool for nonprofits. Nevertheless many nonprofits operate without a budget at all, or with a limited version of a budget that is used solely for fundraising with no managerial role. The purpose of this paper is to present guidelines for the preparation of budgets that can serve all the aspects of the organization's activity. More specifically the budget should provide the organization's management with tools for decision making, risk management, measuring efficiency and the ability to present a cleat picture of the organization's activities to internal and external stakeholders. The adoption of these guidelines may benefit both nonprofits and their donors. Nonprofits will be able to improve the way they manage their programs while donors will be able to get a clearer picture of the organization and to simplify their procedures for grant applications.nonprofits; management; budget; guide

Instanton counting in Class Sk\mathcal{S}_k

We compute the instanton partition functions of $\mathcal{N}=1$ SCFTs in class $\mathcal{S}_k$. We obtain this result via orbifolding Dp/D(p-4) brane systems and calculating the partition function of the supersymmetric gauge theory on the worldvolume of $K$ D(p-4) branes. Starting with D5/D1 setups probing a $\mathbb{Z}_\ell\times \mathbb{Z}_k$ orbifold singularity we obtain the $K$ instanton partition functions of 6d $(1,0)$ theories on $\mathbb{R}^4 \times T^2$ in the presence of orbifold defects on $T^2$ via computing the 2d superconformal index of the worldvolume theory on $K$ D1 branes wrapping the $T^2$. We then reduce our results to the 5d and to the 4d instanton partition functions. For $k=1$ we check that we reproduce the known elliptic, trigonometric and rational Nekrasov partition functions. Finally, we show that the instanton partition functions of $SU(N)$ quivers in class $\mathcal{S}_k$ can be obtained from the class $\mathcal{S}$ mother theory partition functions with $SU(kN)$ gauge factors via imposing the `orbifold condition' $a_{\mathcal{A}} \rightarrow a_A e^{2\pi i j/k}$ with $\mathcal{A}=jA$ and $A=1,\dots, N$, $j=1,\dots, k$ on the Coulomb moduli and the mass parameters.Comment: 43 pages, 7 figure

Toda 3-Point Functions From Topological Strings

We consider the long-standing problem of obtaining the 3-point functions of Toda CFT. Our main tools are topological strings and the AGT-W relation between gauge theories and 2D CFTs. In arXiv:1310.3841 we computed the partition function of 5D $T_N$ theories on $S^4 \times S^1$ and suggested that they should be interpreted as the three-point structure constants of q-deformed Toda. In this paper, we provide the exact AGT-W dictionary for this relation and rewrite the 5D $T_N$ partition function in a form that makes taking the 4D limit possible. Thus, we obtain a prescription for the computation of the partition function of the 4D $T_N$ theories on $S^4$, or equivalently the undeformed 3-point Toda structure constants. Our formula, has the correct symmetry properties, the zeros that it should and, for $N=2$, gives the known answer for Liouville CFT.Comment: 51 pages, 6 figure

KREATIVITAS GURU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SMP NEGERI 2 MANUJU KABUPATEN GOWA

Penelitian ini menganalisis kreativitas Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam, pengembangan kualitas pembelajaran dan mengetahui faktor pendukung dan penghambat kreativitas Guru dalam meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran di SMP Negeri 2 Manuju Kabupaten Gowa. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data bersumber dari dua sumber, yakni sumber data primer dan sekunder, sedangkan instrumen dan teknik pengumpulan datanya melalui observasi, pedoman wawancara dan data dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa, kreativitas guru agama islam dalam meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran adalah kemampuan untuk menemukan pemikiran tentang ide-ide baru dalam pemecahan masalah yang berkaitan dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan pengamalan, khususnya pengetahuan tentang Pendidikan Agama Islam. Guru sebelum melakukan pembalajaran dikelas guru selalu melakukan, perencanaan, pelaksaan dan evaluasi, pada tahap perencanaan guru membuat rancangan pembelajaran yang di dalamnya terdapat silabus, dan RPP, pada pelaksanaan guru melaksanakan proses pembelajaran yang sudah direncanakan di RPP sedangkan tahap evaluasi yaitu guru membuat tentang materi pembelajaran, hal tersebut untuk mengetahui sejauh mana siswa paham terhadap materi pembelajran yang di ajarkan,  kualitas pembelajaran di SMP Negeri 2 Manuju khususnya Pendidikan Agama Islam meningkat karena mampu menciptakan suasana yang kondisif pada saat proses pembelajaran berlangsung. Motivasi belajar siswa dapat dilihat dari semangat siswa balajar, kemandirian siswa dalam belajar dan kemampuan siswa dalam mengerjakan tugas dengan baik dan tepat waktu, faktor pendukung kreativitas Guru dalam meningkatkan  kualitas pembelajaran di SMP Negeri 2 Manuju Kabupaten Gowa adalah salah satunya peran serta orang tua siswa, misalnya membagi waktu antara pekerjaan dengan anak ataupun keluarga, mendidik dan membimbing anak kejalan yang lebih baik, serta menanamkan nilai dan norma pada anak yang sudah mulai luntur. Dengakan faktor penghambat kreativitas guru yaitu kurangnya perhatian orang tua siswa, serta sarana dan prasarana sekolah yang kurang memadai,dan lingkungan luar sekolah yang tidak mendukung

Country-internal migration and labour market activities of immigrants in Finland

This article concentrates on the special features of country-internal migration of immigrants. These features include regional development such as the urbanisation rate, the specialisation of labour markets in general, and the human capital potential of immigrants in the form of education. The internal migration of immigrants within the country and the growth of urban centres are analysed on the national level by municipalities and, in more detail, in nine differently structured local labour market areas. The position of immigrants in the local labour market areas depends on their education and the active role they take in employment. Urban centres with developed, multi-structured labour markets have strengthened their edge over others in attracting the in-migrants from more peripheral areas in the sub-group of immigrants as in general, too. Internal and international migration are related to each other. The larger urban centres and refugee receiving municipalities play an important role in linking international and internal migration.