A modified value function.

<p>A modified value function.</p

Real donations, self-report, and psychophysiological measures of affect for 1, 2, and 8 children.

<p>In Study 1, average donations (in SEK) decreased with increasing number of victims (A) and positive affect was stronger for the single victim (B). In Study 2, donations decreased with more victims (C) and positive affect (facial EMG measurement) decreased with an increasing number of victims (D). ZM activity for one child was significantly greater than for two children (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Prospect theory’s value function for gains and losses.

<p>Prospect theory’s value function for gains and losses.</p

A model depicting psychic numbing–compassion fade–when valuing the saving of lives.

<p>A model depicting psychic numbing–compassion fade–when valuing the saving of lives.</p

Mean estimated scientific agreement and estimation confidence by message condition, study one.

<p>Mean estimated scientific agreement and estimation confidence by message condition, study one.</p

Example of study one stimulus.

<p>Example of study one stimulus.</p

Examples of warning labels with (A) text on side of pack, (B) picture and text on front of pack, and (C) picture, text and elaboration on front of pack.

<p>Reprinted from <a href="www.fda.gov" target="_blank">www.fda.gov</a> under a CC BY license, with permission from the FDA, copyright 02/24/2012.</p

Mean WTC, Need, and Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) (Study 3).

<p>Mean WTC, Need, and Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) (Study 3).</p

Simple Messages Help Set the Record Straight about Scientific Agreement on Human-Caused Climate Change: The Results of Two Experiments

<div><p>Human-caused climate change is happening; nearly all climate scientists are convinced of this basic fact according to surveys of experts and reviews of the peer-reviewed literature. Yet, among the American public, there is widespread misunderstanding of this scientific consensus. In this paper, we report results from two experiments, conducted with national samples of American adults, that tested messages designed to convey the high level of agreement in the climate science community about human-caused climate change. The first experiment tested hypotheses about providing numeric versus non-numeric assertions concerning the level of scientific agreement. We found that numeric statements resulted in higher estimates of the scientific agreement. The second experiment tested the effect of eliciting respondents’ estimates of scientific agreement prior to presenting them with a statement about the level of scientific agreement. Participants who estimated the level of agreement prior to being shown the corrective statement gave higher estimates of the scientific consensus than respondents who were not asked to estimate in advance, indicating that incorporating an “estimation and reveal” technique into public communication about scientific consensus may be effective. The interaction of messages with political ideology was also tested, and demonstrated that messages were approximately equally effective among liberals and conservatives. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.</p></div

Predicted relation based on regression model in Table 4 (step 2) between intention and efficacy to quit with frequency of smoking as the parameter.

<p>Predicted relation based on regression model in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054937#pone-0054937-t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a> (step 2) between intention and efficacy to quit with frequency of smoking as the parameter.</p