ONH volume and height differences between IIH patients and controls. A

<p>) 3D spectral domain OCT ONH measurement from a matched control ONH <b>B</b>) 3D spectral domain OCT ONH measurement from an IIH patient with a diagnosed papilledema <b>C</b>) Groups differences in optic nerve head volume (ONHV) between IIH patients (black bar) and controls (white bar). <b>D</b>) Group difference in ONHV between medically untreated (gray bar) and treated (vertical lines bar) IIH patients. Error bars represent 1x standard deviation in figures c and d.  =  p <0.001.</p

Comparison of optical coherence tomography measurements between IIH patients and controls.

<p><b>Abbreviations</b>: RNFLT  =  retinal nerve fiber layer thickness; TMV  =  total macular volume; ONHV  =  optic nerve head volume; ONHH  =  optic nerve head height; SD  =  standard deviation; Min  =  minimum value; Max  =  maximum value; GEE  =  generalized estimating equation models analyses accounting for inter–eye/intra-patient dependencies; B  =  regression coefficient; SE  =  coefficient standard error; p  =  p value.</p

Demographic overview of IIH patients and controls.

<p><b>Abbreviations</b>: IIH  =  idiopathic intracranial hypertension; ICP  =  intracranial pressure; SD  =  standard deviation; Min  =  minimum value; Max  =  maximum value.</p

Overview of the custom segmentation process for assessing ONH volume and height in IIH patients.

<p>0) First OCT B scans are cleaned from noise and smoothed, 1) then the area in which the RPE is expected is narrowed by removing bright upper layers of the scan, resulting in the brightest spots belonging most likely to the RPE. 2) From the A scan at the first quarter and the A scan at the last quarter of the B scan, the possible RPE area is further reduced by detecting the brightest spots of the image (red lines). 3) On the proposed RPE candidates a least square spline approximation is applied (red line), resulting in a hypothetical RPE through the ONH. The ILM is provided from the device's segmentation software (blue line). 4) The scans are flattened using the RPE as reference. 5) Finally volume and height are calculated in the newly defined area.</p

Subgroup analysis of OCT measurements in medically treated and untreated IIH patients.

<p>Abbreviations: RNFLT  =  retinal nerve fiber layer thickness; TMV  =  total macular volume; ONHV  =  optic nerve head volume; ONHH  =  optic nerve head height; SD  =  standard deviation; Min  =  minimum value; Max  =  maximum value; GEE  =  generalized estimating equation models analyses accounting for inter-eye/intra-patient dependencies; B  =  regression coefficient; SE  =  coefficient standard error; p =  p value.</p

Sample OCT measurement and segmentation.

<p>A) Sample scanning laser ophthalmoscopy image showing the peripapillary ring-scan for retinal nerve fiber layer analysis. Nasal and temporal quadrants were analyzed separately B) Sample scanning laser ophthalmoscopy image showing the B-scans included in the segmentation procedure (green and blue) and the area included into analysis (blue only). C) Sample macular scan showing the segmentation lines and intra-retinal layer layout. Red segmentation lines provided by the software define the macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the inner nuclear layer (INL), the outer plexiform layer (OPL), the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and inner segments of the photoreceptor layer (IS). OPL, ONL and IS were analyzed combined as outer retinal layers (ORL). D) Sample B-scan of an NMOSD patient with microcystic macular edema (MME).</p

Retinal morphology in eyes without previous ON.

<p>Results of retinal OCT outcomes of NMOSD and MS patients’ eyes without history of optic neuritis and healthy controls; GEE results showing the differences between NMOSD-NON and MS-NON to healthy controls. Outer retinal layers include outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer and inner photoreceptor layer segments.</p><p><b>Abbreviations:</b> NMOSD: neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; MS: multiple sclerosis; NON: eyes without history of optic neuritis; HC: healthy controls; OCT: optical coherence tomography; p/mRNFL: peripapillary and macular retinal nerve fiber layer; TMV: total macular volume; GCL: ganglion cell layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum; Max: maximum; B: coefficient estimate from generalized estimating equation models (GEE), SE: standard error from GEE coefficient estimates.</p

Sample patient data from NMOSD and MS eyes.

<p>A) Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness data (in µm) for average RNFL (G) and sectors (nasal-superior quadrant (NS), temporal-superior (TS), temporal, temporal-inferior (TI), nasal-inferior (NI) and nasal (N)) for a multiple sclerosis (MS) patient’s eye with a previous optic neuritis (ON) (left), a neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patient’s eye with a previous ON without microcystic macular edema (MME) (center), and an NMOSD patient’s eye with previous ON and MME (right). Background colors describe the comparison to a healthy reference group from the device’s database. B) and C) Thickness maps of the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL, B) and inner nuclear layer (INL, C) respective to the patients’ data from A).</p

Retinal morphology in eyes after ON.

<p>Results of retinal OCT outcomes of NMOSD and MS patients’ eyes after optic neuritis and healthy controls; GEE results showing the differences between NMOSD-ON and MS-ON and NMOSD-ON to healthy controls.</p><p><b>Abbreviations:</b> NMOSD: neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; MS: multiple sclerosis; NON: eyes without history of optic neuritis; HC: healthy controls; OCT: optical coherence tomography; p/mRNFL: peripapillary and macular retinal nerve fiber layer; TMV: total macular volume; GCL: ganglion cell layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum; Max: maximum; B: coefficient estimate from generalized estimating equation models (GEE), SE: standard error from GEE coefficient estimates.</p

Demographic and clinical overview.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> NMOSD: neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders; RRMS: relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; HC: healthy controls; AQP4-Ig: aquaporin 4 antibodies; ON: optic neuritis, n/a = not applicable (the resp. data did not apply to this group).</p