Frühe Mechanismen der Signaltransduktion in dendritischen Zellen während der Aktivierung durch Kontaktallergene

Antigen-präsentierende Zellen spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung einer Kontaktallergie. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, frühe Mechanismen der Signaltransduktion zu identifizieren, die an der Aktivierung von Antigen-präsentierenden Zellen durch Kontaktallergene beteiligt sind. · Monocyten und dendritische Zellen wurden auf ihre Eignung als Modell für epidermale Langerhanszellen hin untersucht. Die Aktivierbarkeit von Monocyten und dendritischen Zellen konnte durch den Anstieg der Tyrosinphosphorylierung nach Stimulation mit verschiedenen Kontaktallergenen gezeigt werden. Die durch Kontaktallergene induzierte TNF-alpha-Produktion von dendritischen Zellen belegt die funktionelle Relevanz des Modellsystems. · Ausgehend von der Bedeutung von Cytokinen für die Differenzierung von myeloiden Zellen wurde untersucht, ob Kontaktallergene die mit Cytokin-Rezeptoren assozierten Signalwege des Jak/STAT-Systems aktivieren. Es konnte keine Aktivierung von STAT-Moldekülen (STAT1, 3, 4, 5, 6) durch Kontaktallergene nachgewiesen werden. Daher ist davon auszugehen, daß Kontaktallergene die üblichen Jak/STAT-Signalwege nicht direkt aktivieren, weder durch Bindung an Jak-assoziierte Cytokin-Rezeptoren noch über deren downstream-Elemente. · Die Aktivierung der MAP Kinasen ERK und p38 durch verschiedene Kontaktallergene wurde charakterisiert. MCI/MI und TNCB aktivieren ERK und p38. Nicht alle Kontaktallergene bewirken die gleichen Aktivierungsmuster. Die Phosphorylierung von ERK durch MCI/MI wurde im Vergleich zur Aktivierung von p38 als früher Mechanismus der Signaltransduktion charakterisiert. Die Beteiligung von ERK und p38 an der TNF-alpha-Induktion durch MCI/MI belegt die Relevanz dieser MAP Kinasen für die Aktivierung von dendritischen Zellen. · Weiterhin wurden eine Reihe von upstream-Elementen von ERK untersucht. Die Aktivierung von ERK durch MCI/MI und TNCB verläuft nicht über den klassischen Ras-c-Raf-MEK-ERK Signalweg. Während MEK1/2 an der Aktivierung von ERK durch MCI/MI und TNCB beteiligt ist, werden c-Raf und Ras nicht aktiviert. · Die intrazelluläre Calcium-Konzentration ist wichtig für die ERK-Aktivierung durch MCI/MI und TNCB, extrazelluläres Calcium dagegen ist nicht erforderlich. Das Modellallergen MCI/MI bewirkt die Mobilisierung von intrazellulärem Calcium. Der Anstieg von [Ca2+]i allein jedoch löst keine Aktivierung von ERK aus. Das durch MCI/MI induzierte Calcium-Signal wird nicht durch Calmodulin vermittelt. · Durch Inhibition von Proteinkinase C konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß vorwiegend klassische Calcium-abhängige Isoformen der PKC an der Aktivierung von ERK durch MCI/MI beteiligt sind. Die Translokation von cPKC-Isoformen weist auf deren Aktivierung durch MCI/MI und TNCB hin. Die Inhibition von PI3-Kinase hingegen lieferte keinen Hinweis auf Beteiligung an der Aktivierung von ERK durch MCI/MI. Mit den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit konnte auf der Grundlage der aktuellen Literatur ein möglicher Signalweg der Aktivierung von ERK durch Kontaktallergene entwickelt werden. Auslöser der Signalmechanismen wäre die Kopplung von Haptenen an ein heterodimeres (an die tTG siehe Zahn 2002) oder heterotrimeres G-Protein. Eine wichtige Rolle bei der Signalweiterleitung spielen die Freisetzung von Calcium aus intrazellulären Speichern, klassische Isoformen der Proteinkinase C und die MAPK Kinase MEK1/2. Sowohl ERK als auch p38 sind an der Induktion der TNF-alpha-Produktion durch Kontaktallergene in dendritischen Zellen beteiligt. Damit liefert diese Arbeit einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Verständnis der molekularen Mechanismen bei der Aktivierung von dendritischen Zellen durch Kontaktallergene

Optimizing MATRix as remission induction in PCNSL: de-escalated induction treatment in newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma

Background: Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the central nervous system (PCNSL) is a rare disorder with an increasing incidence over the past decades. High-level evidence has been reported for the MATRix regimen (high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX), high-dose AraC (HD-AraC), thiotepa and rituximab) followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HCT-ASCT) supporting this approach to be considered a standard therapy in newly diagnosed PCNSL patients ≤ 70 years. However, early treatment-related toxicities (predominantly infectious complications), occurring in up to 28% per MATRix cycle, diminish its therapeutic success. Furthermore, sensitivity to first-line treatment is an independent prognostic factor for improved overall survival (OS) in PCNSL. Thus, patients achieving early partial remission (PR) after 2 cycles of MATRix might be over-treated with 4 cycles, in the context of consolidation HCT-ASCT. Methods: This is an open-label, multicentre, randomized phase III trial with two parallel arms. 326 immunocompetent patients with newly diagnosed PCNSL will be recruited from 37 German, 1 Austrian and 12 UK sites. Additional IELSG (International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group) sites are planned. The objective is to demonstrate superiority of a de-escalated and optimised remission induction treatment strategy, followed by HCT-ASCT. Randomization (1:1) will be performed after completion of all screening procedures. Patients in Arm A (control treatment) will receive 4 cycles of MATRix. Patients in Arm B (experimental treatment) will receive a pre-phase (R/HD-MTX), followed by 2 cycles of MATRix. Patients in both arms achieving PR or better will proceed to HCT-ASCT (BCNU, thiotepa). The primary endpoint of the study is event-free-survival (EFS), defined as time from randomization to premature end of treatment due to any reason, lymphoma progression or death whichever occurs first. Secondary endpoints include OS, progression free survival (PFS), toxicity, neurocognitive impairment and quality of life. Minimal follow-up is 24 months. Discussion: Current treatment options for PCNSL in patients ≤ 70 years have improved remarkably over recent years. However, the potential efficacy benefits are offset by an increased incidence of short-term toxicities which can impact on treatment delivery and hence on survival outcomes. In patients ≤ 70 years with newly diagnosed PCNSL addressing the need to reduce treatment-related toxicity by de-escalating and optimising the induction phase of treatment, is a potentially attractive treatment strategy. Trial registration: German clinical trials registry DRKS00022768 registered June 10th, 2021

Adaptor SKAP-55 Binds p21ras Activating Exchange Factor RasGRP1 and Negatively Regulates the p21ras-ERK Pathway in T-Cells

While the adaptor SKAP-55 mediates LFA-1 adhesion on T-cells, it is not known whether the adaptor regulates other aspects of signaling. SKAP-55 could potentially act as a node to coordinate the modulation of adhesion with downstream signaling. In this regard, the GTPase p21ras and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway play central roles in T-cell function. In this study, we report that SKAP-55 has opposing effects on adhesion and the activation of the p21ras -ERK pathway in T-cells. SKAP-55 deficient primary T-cells showed a defect in LFA-1 adhesion concurrent with the hyper-activation of the ERK pathway relative to wild-type cells. RNAi knock down (KD) of SKAP-55 in T-cell lines also showed an increase in p21ras activation, while over-expression of SKAP-55 inhibited activation of ERK and its transcriptional target ELK. Three observations implicated the p21ras activating exchange factor RasGRP1 in the process. Firstly, SKAP-55 bound to RasGRP1 via its C-terminus, while secondly, the loss of binding abrogated SKAP-55 inhibition of ERK and ELK activation. Thirdly, SKAP-55−/− primary T-cells showed an increased presence of RasGRP1 in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) following TCR activation, the site where p21ras becomes activated. Our findings indicate that SKAP-55 has a dual role in regulating p21ras-ERK pathway via RasGRP1, as a possible mechanism to restrict activation during T-cell adhesion

CTLA-4 Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI 3-K) and Protein Kinase B (PKB/AKT) Sustains T-Cell Anergy without Cell Death

The balance of T-cell proliferation, anergy and apoptosis is central to immune function. In this regard, co-receptor CTLA-4 is needed for the induction of anergy and tolerance. One central question concerns the mechanism by which CTLA-4 can induce T-cell non-responsiveness without a concurrent induction of antigen induced cell death (AICD). In this study, we show that CTLA-4 activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) and protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) sustains T-cell anergy without cell death. CTLA-4 ligation induced PI 3K activation as evidenced by the phosphorylation of PKB/AKT that in turn inactivated GSK-3. The level of activation was similar to that observed with CD28. CTLA-4 induced PI 3K and AKT activation also led to phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic factor BAD as well as the up-regulation of BcL-XL. In keeping with this, CD3/CTLA-4 co-ligation prevented apoptosis under the same conditions where T-cell non-responsiveness was induced. This effect was PI 3K and PKB/AKT dependent since inhibition of these enzymes under conditions of anti-CD3/CTLA-4 co-ligation resulted in cell death. Our findings therefore define a mechanism by which CTLA-4 can induce anergy (and possibly peripheral tolerance) by preventing the induction of cell death

Activation and Translocation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase After Stimulation of Monocytes With Contact Sensitizers

Recently we described the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation by contact sensitizers as an early molecular event during the activation of antigen- presenting cells. In this study, the role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase for the activation of human monocytes after exposure to four structurally unrelated contact sensitizers was analyzed in comparison with the irritant benzalkonium chloride and an inductor of oxidative stress (H2O2) using immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. Bio chemical analysis revealed a translocation of p38 from the cytoplasm to the detergent-resistant cell fraction only upon stimulation with contact sensitizers. The activity of p38 was studied by quantification of its phosphorylated active form with a specific antibody and by kinase assay. Although all stimulants used in this study led to the activation of p38, a translocation to the detergent-resistant fraction as well phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase dependent transcription factor Elk-1 was induced only by contact sensitizers. Evidence for a functional relevance of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was provided by measurement of the hapten-induced production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Its release was inhibited by blocking p38-mediated signaling using the imidazole compounds SB203580 and SB202190. These data show that contact sensitizers are strong activators of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Although activation of this stress-associated pathway has been reported for many other stimuli, a unique translocation of p38 from the cytoplasm to the detergent-resistant fraction seems to be a specific event during hapten-induced activation of antigen-presenting cells

Figure 2

<p>Panel A: CTLA-4 mediated phosphorylation of GSK-3. Upper left panel: DC27.10-CTLA-4 and pre-activated peripheral T-cells were stimulated for 30 min as described for <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003842#pone-0003842-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a>. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-phospho-GSK-3 α/β antibody (lanes 1–7). Upper right panel: Histogram depiction of phosphorylated GSK-3 as detected by densitometric reading. Lower left panel: Cells treated as described above were lysed and immunoblotted with an antibody against total GSK-3 α/β (lanes 1–7). Similar results were obtained from at least three other experiments. Lower right panel: Histogram depiction of phosphorylated GSK-3 as detected by densitometric reading. Panel B: Ligation of CTLA-4 by natural ligand induces phosphorylation of GSK-3. DC27.10 cells transfected with mock (lanes 1–3) or CTLA-4 (lanes 4–6) were either left untreated (lanes 1, 4) or stimulated for 30 min with anti-CD3 (lanes 2, 5) or anti-CD3/CD80Ig (lanes 3, 6) and assesssed for phosphorylation of GSK-3 by immunoblotting with anti-phospho-GSK-3 α/β antibody (lanes 1–6). Lower panel: Equal amounts of cell lysates were immunoblotted for total GSK-3 α/β (lanes 1–6). Right panel: Histogram depiction of phosphorylated GSK-3 as detected by densitometric reading. Results are representative of at least two experiments.</p

Figure 1

<p>Panel A: CTLA-4 induces phosphorylation of PKB/AKT. Upper left panels: DC27.10-CTLA-4 were either left untreated (lane 1) or stimulated for 30 min with anti-CD3 (lane 2), anti-CD28 (lane 3), anti-CTLA-4 (lane 4), anti-CD3/CD28 (lane 5), anti-CD3/CTLA-4 (lane 6) and anti-CD28/CTLA-4 (lane 7) antibodies. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-phospho-AKT (Thr-308) antibody (lanes 1–7). Histogram depiction of phosphorylated AKT as detected by densitometric reading. Lower panel: Equal amounts of cell lysates were immunoblotted for AKT (lanes 1–7). Upper right panels: Pre-activated T-cells were either left untreated (lane 1) or stimulated for 30 min with anti-CD3 (lane 2), anti-CD3/CD28 (lane 3) and anti-CD3/CTLA-4 (lane 4) antibodies. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-phospho-AKT (Thr-308) (lanes 1–4) antibody. Histogram depiction of phosphorylated AKT as detected by densitometric reading. Lower panel: Equal amounts of cell lysates were immunoblotted for AKT (lanes 1–4). Panel B: CTLA-4 mediated inhibition of IL-2 production and proliferation. DC27.10-CTLA-4 cells and peripheral T-cells were either left unstimulated, or stimulated with anti-CTLA-4, anti-CD3 and anti-CD3/CTLA-4 mAbs. After 24 hours, IL-2 production was measured by ELISA. After 48 hours, proliferation was measured by [³H] thymidine incorporation. Bar graphs show mean±SD. Results are representative of at least three experiments.</p