Fabrication of an Inorganic Nano-Zirconium Tungstovanadate Ion Exchange to Be Utilized for Heavy Metal Decontamination

An innovative heteropolyacid salt of ion exchanger, nano-zirconium tungstovanadate has been synthesized under varying conditions using sol–gel technique. The different synthesized ion exchange materials were compared based on both their ion exchange capacity (IEC) and their efficiency in separating lead ions from aqueous streams by conducting batch experiments with a batch factor of 50ml/g. Nano- zirconium tungstovanadate prepared from the reaction of 0.2 M zirconiumoxychloride, 0.2M ammonium metavanadate and 0.1 M sodium tungstate in presence of 0.01 M HCl at room temperature was record the highest IEC value that equal to 1.5 mequiv/g. Structural characterization of this most proper ion exchanger was performed with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The X-ray spectrum of the prepared material suggested that of Zr (IV) tungstovanadate is crystalline in nature with average crystallite size between19 and 37 nm. The SEM result confirmed that the ion exchanger was produced in nano-scale with average particle diameter equal to 28 nm. Good thermal and chemical stabilities have also been observed for the prepared nano-zirconium tungstovanadate. On the basis of these results, the prepared nano-zirconium tungstovanadate is a promising cation exchanger for lead ion decontamination from the polluted water in view of the factthat lead ion removal rate was recorded up to 99.24 % within 3hours.Keywords: nano- zirconium tungstovanadate; sol-gel technique; equilibrium isotherm; Lead ion separation

Fabrication of an Inorganic Nano-Zirconium Tungstovanadate Ion Exchange to be Utilized for Heavy Metal Decontamination

An innovative heteropoly acid salt of ion exchanger, nano-zirconium tungstovanadate has been synthesized under varying conditions using sol–gel technique. The different synthesized ion exchange materials were compared based on both their ion exchange capacity (IEC) and their efficiency in separating lead ions from aqueous streams by conducting batch experiments with a batch factor of 50ml/g. Nano- zirconium tungstovanadate prepared from the reaction of 0.2 M zirconium oxychloride, 0.2M ammonium metavanadate and 0.1 M sodium tungstate in presence of 0.01 M HCl at room temperature was record the highest IEC value that equal to 1.5 mequiv/g. Structural characterization of this most proper ion exchanger was performed with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The X-ray spectrum of the prepared material suggested that of Zr (IV) tungstovanadate is crystalline in nature with average crystallite size between 19 and 37 nm. The SEM result confirmed that the ion exchanger was produced in nanoscale with average particle diameter equal to 28 nm. Good thermal and chemical stabilities have also been observed for the prepared nano-zirconium tungstovanadate. On the basis of these results, the prepared nano-zirconium tungstovanadate is a promising cation exchanger for lead ion decontamination from the polluted water in view of the fact that lead ion removal rate was recorded up to 99.24 % within 3hours

Epidemiology, pathology, prevention, and control strategies of inclusion body hepatitis and hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in poultry: A comprehensive review

Infection with fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) can result in a number of syndromes in the production of chicken, including inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), and others, causing enormous economic losses around the globe. FAdVs are divided into 12 serotypes and five species (A–E; 1–8a and 8b−11). Most avian species are prone to infection due to the widespread distribution of FAdV strains. The genus aviadenovirus, which is a member of the adenoviridae family, is responsible for both IBH and HHS. The most popular types of transmission are mechanical, vertical, and horizontal. Hepatitis with basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies distinguishes IBH, but the buildup of translucent or straw-colored fluid in the pericardial sac distinguishes HHS. IBH and HHS require a confirmatory diagnosis because their clinical symptoms and postmortem abnormalities are not unique to those conditions. Under a microscope, the presence of particular lesions and inclusion bodies may provide clues. Traditional virus isolation in avian tissue culture is more delicate than in avian embryonated eggs. Additionally, aviadenovirus may now be quickly and precisely detected using molecular diagnostic tools. Preventive techniques should rely on efficient biosecurity controls and immunize breeders prior to production in order to protect progeny. This current review gives a general overview of the current local and global scenario of IBH, and HHS brought on by FAdVs and covers both their issues and preventative vaccination methods

Characterization of atypical polyaniline nano-structures prepared via advanced techniques

Conductive polymers had been the topic of a vast number of investigations during the last decades, so, the synthesis of conducting polymers and study of their physical properties has been of prime importance. One of these conductive polymers is polyaniline. The current work is to prepare polyaniline (PANI) nanostructured material via four different preparation techniques which were sol-gel, rapid mixing, sonochemical and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) assisted polymerization. The morphology of the prepared PANI samples was determined using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The molecular structure of prepared PANI samples was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrical conductivity of the synthesized samples was assessed by using the four-probe method at room temperature. The surface area of the prepared samples was determined using Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET). The characterization results of the prepared PANI confirm that the morphology, chemical composition, crystallinity, conductivity and surface area were altered significantly as a consequence of its synthesis via atypical techniques. Keywords: Polyaniline nano-structures, Nanoparticles, Nanorods, Nanofibers, Sonochemical, Sol gel, Rapid mixing polymerization, Supercritical carbon dioxide assisted polymerization, Polyaniline characterizatio

Hybridized high concentration photovoltaic unit with enhanced performance air gap membrane distillation unit via depositing reduced graphene oxide layer upon the condensation plate using electrophoretic deposition technique

Amongst the membrane distillation techniques, the air gap configurations showed an outstanding thermal efficiency, while a decline in productivity was recorded due to the additional thermal and mass resistances. The current study proposes minimizing the additional thermal and mass resistances by altering the condensation process to dropwise condensation. Depositing a layer of reduced graphene oxide using the electrophoretic deposition technique on the copper condensation plate was investigated to obtain a hydrophobic nature and attain dropwise condensation. Moreover, different operating conditions were examined for the optimum conditions, which were 45 V, 30 s, 1 cm, and 0.5 mg/ml, for the applied voltage, deposition time, distance between electrodes, and concentration, respectively. This modified condensation plate was investigated experimentally on the lab-scale test rig and showed an improvement in the productivity of 12.5% and 28.5% at the minimum and maximum feed temperatures, respectively. On the other hand, solar energy was utilized to eliminate the heating source required for the membrane distillation unit. A high concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) unit was introduced numerically in the current work with 36 multijunction cells. Furthermore, a microchannel heat sink was successfully designed to keep the cells from thermal degradation. The numerical results showed that the HCPV system could supply hot water up to 55 °C and produce electric power up to 230 W

Influence of encapsulation materials on the thermal performance of concentrator photovoltaic cells

The Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) layer in the polycrystalline solar cells suffers from lower thermal conductivity. Therefore, this work presents a numerical study for a possible way to enhance the thermal conductivity of the lower encapsulant layer. A comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) model is proposed to evaluate the conventional and modified solar cell performance. The ongoing research study can be achieved by doping three different nanoparticles of Boron Nitride (BN), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), and Silicon Carbide (SiC) with loading ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% to the lower EVA matrix layer. The present numerical work was conducted under 20 suns concentration ratio and variable coolant flowrates. The findings reveal that a significant reduction in local and average solar cell temperature is achieved for all studied cases, especially at a 30% loading ratio of n-SiC. Moreover, it is observed that the net gained electrical power was enhanced by 7.16% at the same SiC loading ratio. However, ZnO and BN fillers reported a slight percentage increase of 6.77% and 5.95%, respectively. The thermal and electrical efficiency has been improved with the new EVA-nanoparticle layer due to lower average cell temperature. Therefore, at 1200 ml/h, the thermal and electrical efficiency achieved the highest value in SiC than BN and ZnO; the maximum value was reported 70.02% for thermal efficiency and 16.94% for electrical one