Differentiation of SOD1-iPSCs to astroglia.

<p>Representative pictures of control (006) and SOD1-iPSC (008) derived astrocyte after 15-week differentiation showing astroglial marker expression. (A) CD44 (red) and GFAP (green) expression by differentiated cells. Thin arrows indicate GFAP+ only cells. Arrowheads indicate CD44+ only cells. Thick arrows indicate CD44+/GFAP+ cells. (B) Quantification of CD44+ and GFAP+ cells at different time points. (C) EAAT1 (red) expression by GFAP+ (green) astrocytes. Arrows indicate double positive cells. (D) Aquaporin 4 (AQ4, red) and EAAT2 (green) expression. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Size bar, 20μm.</p

fALS-iPSC lines.

<p>Note: NA, not applicable/not known; ND, not determined; M, male; F, female; W, white; AA, African American.</p><p>fALS-iPSC lines.</p

Differentiation of SOD1-iPSCs to NPCs.

<p>(A, B) NPCs were generated via EB formation. (A) Rosettes and neural tube structures were formed and the cells expressed Pax6 and Sox1. Representative pictures were taken from 006 control and 002 SOD1 lines. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. (B) Quantification of colonies with rosette structures. (C, D) NPCs were induced by inhibition of SMAD pathway. Most cells expressed Pax6, Sox2 and Sox1 at week 2. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. (D) Dynamic examination of Pax6, Sox1 and Sox2 expression by NPCs after 2–5 week. (E) Time line of neural induction by the inhibition of SMAD pathway and astrocyte differentiation. Size bar, 50μm.</p