Implementation and Evaluation of an Intervention for Children in Afghanistan at Risk for Substance Use or Actively Using Psychoactive Substances

The present study examined the impact of a novel intervention for children at risk for substance use or actively using substances that was provided to 783 children between 4 and 18 years of age in Afghanistan. They received the Child Intervention for Living Drug-free (CHILD) protocol while in outpatient or residential treatment. CHILD included age-appropriate literacy and numeracy, drug education, basic living safety, and communication and trauma coping skills. A battery of measures examined multiple child health domains at treatment’s start and end and 12 weeks later. For younger children, there were no significant Gender or Gender X Time effects (all p’s > .16 and .35, resp.). The time main effect was significant for all outcomes (all p’s < .00192, the prespecified per-comparison error rate). Post hoc testing showed significant improvements from residential treatment entry to completion for all scales. For older children, a time main effect was significant for (all p’s < .00192, the prespecified per-comparison error rate) all but one outcome. Community follow-up means were significantly lower than residential treatment entry means. CHILD had a positive impact on children, and treatment impact endured from posttreatment to follow-up assessment

Information content and reward processing in the human striatum during performance of a declarative memory task

Negative feedback can signal poor performance, but it also provides information that can help learners reach the goal of task mastery. The primary aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the amount of information provided by negative feedback during a paired-associate learning task influences feedback-related processing in the caudate nucleus. To do this, we manipulated the number of response options: With two options, positive and negative feedback provide equal amounts of information, whereas with four options, positive feedback provides more information than does negative feedback. We found that positive and negative feedback activated the caudate similarly when there were two response options. With four options, the caudate’s response to negative feedback was reduced. A secondary goal was to investigate the link between brain-based measures of feedback-related processing and behavioral indices of learning. Analysis of the posttest measures showed that trials with positive feedback were associated with higher posttest confidence ratings. Additionally, when positive feedback was delivered, caudate activity was greater for trials with high than with low posttest confidence. This experiment demonstrated the context sensitivity of feedback processing and provided evidence that feedback processing in the striatum can contribute to the strengthening of the representations available within declarative memory

Early parent-child interactions and substance use disorder: An attachment perspective on a biopsychosocial entanglement

This review aims to elucidate environmental and genetic factors, as well as their epigenetic and neuroendocrine moderators, that may underlie the association between early childhood experiences and Substance Use Disorders (SUD), through the lens of parental attachment. Here we review those attachment-related studies that examined the monoaminergic systems, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal stress response system, the oxytoninergic system, and the endogenous opioid system from a genetic, epigenetic, and neuroendocrine perspective. Overall, the selected studies point to a moderating effect of insecure attachment between genetic vulnerability and SUD, reasonably through epigenetic modifications. Preliminary evidence suggests that vulnerability to SUDs is related with hypo-methylation (e.g. hyper-expression) of high-risk polymorphisms on the monoaminergic and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system and hyper-methylation (e.g. hypo-expressions) of protective polymorphisms on the opioid and oxytocin system. These epigenetic modifications may induce a cascade of neuroendocrine changes contributing to the subclinical and behavioural manifestations that precede the clinical onset of SUD. Protective and supportive parenting could hence represent a key therapeutic target to prevent addiction and moderate insecure attachment

Nipype: a flexible, lightweight and extensible neuroimaging data processing framework in Python. 0.13.1

0.13.1 (May 20, 2017) FIX: Make release compatible with conda-forge build process (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2017) ENH: Update some minimum versions in compliance with Debian Jessie (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2017) ENH: Circle builds use cached docker layers (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2017) ENH: Base docker to use FS6 and ANTS 2.2.0 (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2024) FIX: Mailmap and contributor acknowledgment (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2017) FIX: Preserve node properties in sub nodes of MapNode (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2019) FIX: Fix interfaces 3DUnifize, ICA_AROMA, BinaryMaths, RegAverage, BBRegister, AffineInitializer (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2025, https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2027, https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2036, https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2037, https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2031, https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2010) ENH: Add Anisotropic Power interface (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2039) FIX: Bayesian estimation in SPM (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2030) 0.13.0 (May 11, 2017) ENH: Multi-stage recon-all directives (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1991) FIX: FEAT "folder does not exist" error (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/2000) ENH: Niftyfit interfaces (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1910) FIX: Define ANTSPATH for BrainExtraction automatically (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1986) ENH: New trait for imaging files (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1949) ENH: Niftyseg interfaces (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1911) ENH: Niftyreg interfaces (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1913) MRG: Allow more support for CLI (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1908) ENH: 3dQwarpPlusMinus interface (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1974) FIX: PY3.6 support (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1977) FIX: PY3 and stream fixes for MRTrix2TrackVis (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1804) ENH: More mask options for CompCor interfaces (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1968 + https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1992) ENH: Additional TOPUP outputs (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1976) ENH: Additional Eddy flags (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1967) ENH: ReconAll handlers for less common cases (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1966) ENH: FreeSurferSource now finds graymid/midthickness surfs (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1972) ENH: Additional fslmaths dimensional reduction operations (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1956) ENH: More options for RobustFOV interface (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1923) ENH: Add MRIsCombine to FreeSurfer utils (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1948) FIX: Level1Design EV parameter substitution (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1953) FIX: Dcm2niix outputs can be uncompressed (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1951) FIX: Ensure build fails in Circle when tests fail (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1981) ENH: Add interface to antsAffineInitializer (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1980) ENH: AFNI motion parameter support for FrameWiseDisplacement (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1840) ENH: Add ANTs KellyKapowski interface (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1845) FIX: AFNI interface bug setting OMP_NUM_THREADS to 1 (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1728) FIX: Select Eddy run command at runtime (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1871) FIX: Increase FLIRT's flexibility with apply_xfm (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1875) DOC: Update FSL preprocess docstrings (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1881) ENH: Support GIFTI outputs in SampleToSurface (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1886) FIX: Configparser differences between PY2 and PY3 (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1890) ENH: Add mris_expand interface (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1893) FIX: Split over-eager globs in FreeSurferSource (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1894) FIX: Store undefined by default so that xor checks don't trip (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1903) FIX: Gantt chart generator PY3 compatibility (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1907) FIX: Add DOF and --fsl-dof options to BBRegister (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1917) ENH: Auto-derive input_names in Function (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1918) FIX: Minor fixes for NonSteadyStateDetector (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1926) DOC: Add duecredit references for AFNI and FSL (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1930) ENH: Added zenodo (https://zenodo.org/) file (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1924) ENH: Disable symlinks on CIFS filesystems (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1941) ENH: Sphinx extension to plot workflows (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1896) ENH: Added non-steady state detector for EPI data (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1839) ENH: Enable new BBRegister init options for FSv6+ (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1811) REF: Splits nipype.interfaces.utility into base, csv, and wrappers (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1828) FIX: Makespec now runs with nipype in current directory (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1813) FIX: Flexible nifti opening with mmap if Numpy < 1.12.0 (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1796 + https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1831) ENH: DVARS includes intensity normalization feature - turned on by default (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1827) FIX: DVARS is correctly using sum of squares instead of standard deviation (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1827) ENH: Refactoring of nipype.interfaces.utility (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1828) FIX: CircleCI were failing silently. Some fixes to tests (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1833) FIX: Issues in Docker image permissions, and docker documentation (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1825) ENH: Revised all Dockerfiles and automated deployment to Docker Hub from CircleCI (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1815) ENH: Update ReconAll interface for FreeSurfer v6.0.0 (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1790) FIX: Cast DVARS float outputs to avoid memmap error (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1777) FIX: FSL FNIRT intensity mapping files (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1799) ENH: Additional outputs generated by FSL EDDY (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1793) TST: Parallelize CircleCI build across 4 containers (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1769) 0.13.0-rc1 (January 4, 2017) FIX: Compatibility with traits 4.6 (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1770) FIX: Multiproc deadlock (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1756) TST: Replace nose and unittest with pytest (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1722, https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1751) FIX: Semaphore capture using MultiProc plugin (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1689) REF: Refactor AFNI interfaces (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1678, https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1680) ENH: Move nipype commands to group command using click (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1608) FIX: AFNI Retroicor interface fixes (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1669) FIX: Minor errors after migration to setuptools (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1671) ENH: Add AFNI 3dNote interface (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1637) ENH: Abandon distutils, only use setuptools (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1627) FIX: Minor bugfixes related to unicode literals (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1656) TST: Automatic retries in travis (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1659/files) ENH: Add signal extraction interface (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1647) ENH: Add a DVARS calculation interface (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1606) ENH: New interface to b0calc of FSL-POSSUM (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1399) ENH: Add CompCor (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1599) ENH: Add duecredit entries (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1466) FIX: Python 3 compatibility fixes (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1572) REF: Improved PEP8 compliance for fsl interfaces (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1597) REF: Improved PEP8 compliance for spm interfaces (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1593) TST: Replaced coveralls with codecov (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1609) ENH: More BrainSuite interfaces (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1554) ENH: Convenient load/save of interface inputs (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1591) ENH: Add a Framewise Displacement calculation interface (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1604) FIX: Use builtins open and unicode literals for py3 compatibility (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1572) TST: reduce the size of docker images & use tags for images (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1564) ENH: Implement missing inputs/outputs in FSL AvScale (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1563) FIX: Fix symlink test in copyfile (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1570, https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1586) ENH: Added support for custom job submission check in SLURM (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1582) ENH: Added ANTs interface CreateJacobianDeterminantImage; replaces deprecated JacobianDeterminant (https://github.com/nipy/nipype/pull/1654