Effects of synaptic blockers on single neurons dynamics.

<p>(A–B) Neurons from leech (A) and hippocampal (B) networks, having a bi-exponential ISI distribution in control (black trace), and an exponential ISI distribution in the presence of 20 µM APV (blue trace). (C–D) Neurons from leech (C) and hippocampal (D) networks, having an exponential ISI distribution in control (black trace), and a bi-exponential ISI distribution in the presence of 10 µM PTX (red trace, panel C) or bicuculline (red trace, panel D).</p

Effects of synaptic blockers on network correlation.

<p>(A–B) Network correlation coefficient rate in leech (A) and hippocampal (B) networks in the different pharmacological conditions considered. (C–D) Spikes per bin distribution of the network firing rate in leech (C) and hippocampal (D) networks. Data were fitted by a lognormal function in normal conditions (grey symbols). In the presence of 20 µM APV (blue symbols) data were fitted by a Poisson distribution for the leech network and by a lognormal distribution for the hippocampal network. Note the reduction of skewness in the presence of APV in both preparations (see text). Red symbols correspond to spike per bin distribution in the presence of 10 µM PTX (C) and bicuculline (D). (E–F) PSD of the network firing rate in control (black trace), in the presence of APV (blue trace), PTX (E, red trace) or bicuculline (F, red trace). Black dashed lines have 1/f slope.</p

Single neurons dynamics.

<p>(A and E) Extracellular recording from a single electrode in the leech (A) and in the hippocampal network (E) showing the activity of neurons with periodic (A), Poissonian (E) and bursting (A and E) firing. (B and F) ISI distribution of identified neurons with exponential dynamics for leech (B) and hippocampal (F) network. Black dashed lines indicate exponential fit. (C and G) ISI distribution of identified neurons with bi-exponential dynamics for leech (C) and hippocampal (G) network. Black dashed lines indicate bi-exponential fit. (D and H) ISI distribution of identified neurons with periodic dynamics for leech (D) and hippocampal (G) network. Label T indicates the position of the peak, corresponding to the period of the firing.</p

Single neurons dynamics and network bursts.

<p>(A–B) Network firing rate (upper panel) and raster plot (lower panel) for leech (A) and hippocampal (B) network. Each line of the raster plot represents the activity of a single neuron. Bi-exponential neurons have been clustered and are indicated by the black vertical bar. (C–D) Fraction of neurons displaying bi-exponential ISI distribution as a function of the network correlation coefficient for leech (C) and hippocampal networks (D). Each point represents a different experiment. Black dashed lines indicate linear regression.</p

Burst statistics.

<p>Probability distributions of burst size and duration computed according to 3 different burst definitions. Data from representative experiments obtained in leech (reddish lines) and hippocampal networks (bluish lines). Bursts size (on the left) and duration (on the right) distributions are calculated according to definition 1 (A, B), definition 2 (C, D), and definition 3 (E, F). Black dashed lines are power laws with a slope of −1.5 in the left column and −2 in the right column. Note the power law behavior of bursts size distribution of hippocampal networks for 3 log units.</p

Single neurons dynamics.

<p>In the left rows for both networks characteristic times of different single neuron dynamics, i.e. time constants of exponential distributions and peak position of periodic distributions. In the right rows fraction of neurons displaying different dynamics (numbers in brackets indicate the range of the values across different experiments).</p

Bursts statistics in the presence of synaptic blockers.

<p>Bursts size and duration distributions for leech (reddish lines) and hippocampal (bluish lines) networks obtained using burst definition 1. (A–B) In the presence of APV, the number of large bursts decreased. The black dashed line has a slope of −1.5 in (A) and of −2 in (B), as in the right and left column of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000439#pone-0000439-g009" target="_blank">Figure 9</a>, respectively. (C–D) In the presence of GABA_A receptor blockers (PTX/bicuculline), peaks corresponding to large bursts appeared (indicated by the arrows). Traces were shifted to superimpose peaks of each preparation. In hippocampal networks, intermediate size bursts are absent as shown by the discontinuity of the distributions.</p

Single neurons and network frequency analysis.

<p>(A–B) Power spectral density (PSD) of representative neurons in different green shades from leech (A) and hippocampal networks (B). The PSD of the firing of a single neuron ranges from an almost flat behavior to very high power associated to low frequencies. (C–D) PSD of the network firing rate for representative experiments from leech (C) and hippocampal networks (D). Black dashed lines correspond to 1/f slope, describing the PSD for frequencies smaller than 1 Hz. In both panels, higher and lower traces are vertically shifted for clarity, by factors 1.2 and 0.8 respectively.</p

Network firing correlation.

<p>(A–B) Spikes per bin distribution of the network firing rate binned at 20 ms (filled symbols) and 500 ms (open symbols), in leech (A) and hippocampal networks (B). Data binned at 20 ms are fitted by a Poisson distribution. Data binned at 500 ms are fitted by a lognormal distribution. (C–D) Network correlation coefficient <i>ρ̅</i> as a function of the bin width for 10 leech (C) and 10 hippocampal networks (D) showing a bin width-dependent growth. Each symbol corresponds to a different preparation.</p

Spontaneous bursting activity in the leech and hippocampal networks.

<p>(A) Left: isolated leech ganglion with eight suction pipettes recording from different roots. Right: Extracellular recordings showing the spontaneous electrical activity monitored from four different roots. (B) Left: close-up of dissociated hippocampal neurons grown on MEA. The black dot corresponds to an individual electrode. Right: spontaneous activity recorded from four extracellular electrodes (out of 60). (C–D) Network firing rate binned at 500 ms for a representative leech network (C) and a representative hippocampal network (D). Note the presence of large peaks corresponding to concerted bursts of electrical activity and the difference between the two spike scales.</p